Hurricane Katrina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Storm Katrina - Essay Example Brinkley deliberately restricted the book to the main unfathomable week. Starting on Saturday, August 27, when it initially turned out to be evident that Katrina was going to strike again in the Gulf Coast subsequent to messing up Florida, he follows the admonitions, stories, carefreeness, and botched chances through the tropical storm's five hours f rage and the breaking f the levees. His record proceeds until the next Saturday, September 3, when transports at long last arrived at the assembly hall and the Superdome to clear those abandoned. By consolidating his own encounters during the tempest and its outcome Brinkley came back to the city to help in salvage endeavors in the wake of emptying his family to Houston-with hundreds f interviews with residents, specialists on call, and government authorities, Brinkley paints an image on the other hand tragic, endearing, and angering. The Great Deluge opens with models f superb arranging and activity by the preferences f the Louisiana Society for the Prevention f Cruelty to Animals (which had its 263 protected pets securely moved to Houston by the night f August 27), the Entergy Corporation (which shut down its atomic plant once Katrina turned into a class 3 tempest), and Louisiana area presidents (who gave obligatory departure requests to their inhabitants and effectively got extraordinary assistance for the individuals who required it). In spite of the fact that accounts, for example, these, alongside the valiant endeavors f numerous specialists on call, are welcome portions f things that went right, The Great Deluge is basically a story f in what way much turned out badly. Brinkley's fastidious get together f the realities into a definite order and examination is decimating now and again to practically everybody in an official job from New Orleans' civic chairman, Ray Nagin, to Louisiana's representative, Kathleen Blanco, to the secretary f the Department f Homeland Security, Michael Chertff, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Brownie, to the man who gave him that moniker. What's more, Brinkley goes easy: Every time the Bush organization and the state f Louisiana dithered, lawyered-up, and read the fine print f Homeland Security strategy, an American kicked the bucket rashly, he composes. Brinkley's broad references extend the sense f perusing a durable and target take on an entangled occasion. As the catastrophe keeps on subsiding from the bleeding edge f the psyches f the individuals who have that extravagance and as unavoidable political decision year blame dispensing gives always turn about what occurred and why, The Great Deluge could scarcely be an all the more convenient, significant, and compelling cure to carelessness, to poor authority, and to the need f responsibility. To get an expression: Brinkley, you did a heckuva work. Brinkley censured the Bush organization for its need f response during the 72 hours promptly following the tropical storm, when salvage is as yet conceivable. He likewise reprimanded chosen authorities for thinking progressively about what their attorneys needed to state about possible claims than sparing those out of luck. Rather, numerous casualties were cleared by private associations or residents like Jimmy. There was the Cajun Navy, a

Fashion journalism and Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Design news-casting and Internet - Essay Example It isn't clear when this extraordinary uniqueness in the introduction of media started, however it is apparent that there has been an incredible change in the introduction of style news coverage by the media (Hall-Duncan 1979 pp.23). Among the inventions that prompted the improvement of design reporting before the presentation of web incorporate utilization of print media like magazines, TVs that stimulated the interest of numerous individuals towards news coverage. Breward (2003 pp.18) shows that with the innovation of web, the mass had just contrived a thought regarding style and its advantages. It is because of web that individuals who had just put or rather had an enthusiasm for the field of style reporting wound up introducing their thoughts in a superior and simpler manner. These characters wandered in their territories as well as in a worldwide setting. The coming of the web, be that as it may, appeared to be unwanted by numerous people, not mindful of the way that it will und oubtedly profit different parts of the economy, design news-casting being one of them. ... Deuze (2007 pp.19) then again shows that the quantities of individuals who buy design magazines as a wellspring of data identified with culture have come about into a move in the utilization of web as a wellspring of data. Magazines and articles identified with design have recorded a colossal decline in deals per annum, because of the way that a larger part of the individuals lean towards the utilization of the web. Dominant part of the family units in the UK approach the web and think that its less expensive to utilize the web to refresh themselves on design dissimilar to the print media, which larger part of the individuals attendant allude to it as distressing ‘paper work’. Freedman (2006 pp.61) follows the appearance of the web on the advancement of style reporting in the mid twentieth century. Lion's share of the columnists had a simpler time covering stories on design with the utilization of the web not at all like in the time of ‘darkness’ (Fuery 2009 pp.56). This article will try to feature and basically dissect the effects of the approach and utilization of the web in design news-casting as per the perspectives on different experts that have added to this theme. The exposition will likewise endeavor to feature explicit instances of the utilization of the web in different conditions to enhance style news coverage. 1.1. Body 1.1.1. Access to material The web has affected style news coverage in different manners. On account of the web, numerous writers in the field of news coverage are in a decent situation to see the same number of pictures as they can frame the web. This is not at all like before when the columnists just depended on data that was introduced by explicit print media. To put it plainly, the writers were not given a

Psychologist Hans Eysenck Biography

Psychologist Hans Eysenck Biography History and Biographies Print Psychologist Hans Eysenck Biography By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 08, 2020 More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Hans Eysenck was born in Germany but moved to England after turning 18 and spent most of his working life there. His research interests were wide-ranging but he is perhaps best known for his theories of personality and intelligence. Eysencks theory of personality focused on temperaments, which he believed were largely controlled by genetic influences. He utilized a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify what he believed were the two primary dimensions of personality, extraversion, and neuroticism. He later added a third dimension known as psychoticism. Eysenck was a hugely influential figure in psychology. At the time of his death in 1997, he was the most-frequently cited psychologist in scientific journals. Despite this influence, he was also a controversial figure. His suggestion that racial differences in intelligence were due to genetics rather than environment generated a tremendous amount of conflict. Learn more about his life and influence on psychology in this brief biography. Best Known For His work in personality and intelligenceOne of the most frequently cited psychologists Birth and Death Eysenck was born on March 4, 1916He died on September 4, 1997 Early Life Hans Eysenck was born in Germany to parents who were both noted film and stage actors. After his parents divorce when he was only two, he was raised almost entirely by his grandmother. His antipathy toward Hitler and the Nazis led him to move to England when he was 18. Because of his German citizenship, he found it difficult to find work in England. He eventually went on to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology from the University College London in 1940 under the supervision of psychologist Cyril Burt, perhaps best-known for his research on the heritability of intelligence. Career During the Second World War, Eysenck worked as a research psychologist at Mill Hill Emergency Hospital. He later founded the psychology department at the University of London Institute of Psychiatry, where he continued to work until 1983. He served as Professor Emeritus at the school until his death in 1997. He was also an extremely prolific writer. Over the course of his career, he published more than 75 books and over 1600 journal articles. Prior to his death, he was the most frequently cited living psychologist. Contributions to Psychology In addition to being one of the most famous psychologists, he was also one of the most controversial. One of the earliest controversies revolved around a paper he wrote in 1952 on the effects of psychotherapy. In the paper, Eysenck reported that two-thirds of therapy patients improved significantly or recovered within two years, regardless of whether or not they received psychotherapy. He was also a vocal critic of psychoanalysis, dismissing it as unscientific. You can hear Eysenck describe his views on Freudian theory and psychoanalytic treatment in this video: Hans J. Eysenck, Ph.D. Lifetalk with Roberta Russell on Psychoanalysis The greatest controversy surrounding Eysenck was his view of the heritability of intelligence, more specifically his view that racial differences in intelligence could be partially attributed to genetic factors. After one of his students was criticized for publishing a paper suggesting that genetics were responsible for racial differences in intelligence, Eysenck defended him and later published The IQ Argument: Race, Intelligence, and Education, which incited considerable controversy and criticism. His 1990 autobiography took a more moderate view that ascribed greater importance to the role of environment and experience in shaping intelligence. While Hans Eysenck was certainly a controversial figure, his wide-ranging research had a major influence on psychology. In addition his work in personality and intelligence, he also played a major role in establishing approaches to clinical training and psychotherapy that was firmly rooted in empirical research and science. Selected Publications Eysenck, H. J. (1947). The structure of human personality. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Eysenck, H. J. (1957). The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 16, 319-324. Eysenck, H. J.(1979). The structure and measurement of intelligence. New York: Springer-Verlag. Eysenck. H. J. (1985). Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire. Washington, D.C.: Scott- Townsend Publishers.

Myocardium of the Heart

Essay about Celta Assignment 1 - 981 Words

CELTA WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 1 LANGUAGE RELATED TASKS 1) The plane leaves at 10.00 tomorrow. a) Present simple; present form of the verb. b) Talking about a future event. ‘The present simple is used for ‘timetabled’ future events’ . c) Students may use the infinitive of the verb instead of the present. (F) Students may use ‘ing’ (present participle) form of verb. (F) Students may have difficulty understanding the use of the present simple to talk about the future. (M) Students may have difficulty understanding that it is a scheduled event. (M) Students may have pronunciation difficulties with leaves, as it is said differently from how it is spelt. (Ph) Students may have pronunciation difficulties with the linking of ‘leaves at’†¦show more content†¦(Ph) Students may have pronunciation difficulties with linking of ‘should go’ / / as the vowel sound turns from strong to weak when linked to other words. (Ph) d) One person advising the other on health (you should exercise, you should eat healthy food). e) Do you have to go to the doctor? (No). Could you avoid going to the doctor? (Yes). Have you already been to the doctor? (No). 4) She’s a stranger / She’s a foreigner. a) Nouns; noun phrase. b) A stranger is someone you have never met; a foreigner is someone who is not native to a country. c) Students may have difficulty understanding that foreigners can be strangers and visa-versa. (M) Students may have pronunciation difficulties with stranger / /. (Ph) Students may have pronunciation difficulties with the word foreigner / /. (Ph) d) Show students a photo of tourists next to the Pyramids in Egypt. Explain that they are my friends, I know them, but they are foreigners in another country that they do not come from. Then tell students a story of my first day at work when I did not know anyone and they were all strangers. e) Do you know her? (No, she’s a stranger). Was she born here? (No, she’s a foreigner). 5) I’ve just had lunch. a) Present perfect; subject + have + just + past participle. b) Talking about something that has recently happened; ‘a finishedShow MoreRelatedCELTA Assignment 1808 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Daria Vaughan CELTA full-time Assignment 1: Language Related Task 1. She needn’t have got up so early. a). Analysis of Meaning. She got up early. It wasn’t necessary. She could have stayed in bed longer. b). Context. Sarah is having a date tomorrow and is very excited about it. The next day she woke up early to catch the train at 10 o’clock. However, she had forgotten that her date is at 4 o’clock in the afternoon. Ask – Did she get up too early? Yes It wasn’t necessary for Sarah toRead MoreCelta Assignment 11137 Words   |  5 PagesCELTA Assignment 1 I’ve been waiting here for two hours. 1. Meaning I was waiting here 2 hours ago. I am still waiting here. 2. Form Subject + have/has + past participle (been) + present participle 3. Pronunciation Contraction of I and have. Been has a short /i/. Stress on ‘/Wei/’ in waiting. 4. Eliciting Show picture 1 of a man standing with a clock above his head. The time is 12pm. Show picture 2 of the man still standing but the clock now says 2pm and he looks unhappy whileRead MoreCelta Assignment 11163 Words   |  5 PagesCambridge CELTA assignment: Focus on the learner Part A My student’s name is Corrado, he’s 42 years old and his L1 is italian. He is an entrepreneur. In fact, he owns a bar where he works with two friends. However, he doesn’t need English at work as I thought. He loves to travel and that’s the main reason for him to learn English: he’s been to London many times and he would like to travel to the US as well and also he likes to organize his own trips so he needs English also to book hotels andRead MoreCelta Assignment 11116 Words   |  5 Pages1.†¦.everything that has happened to us during the day †¦.. MEANING 1. â€Å"has happened† is a grammar structure used for actions which started in the past but continue up to now or to talk about actions that have a result now. Timeline: x (x)(x) has happened past present future CQs : Did it happen in the past? Yes. Is the day going on? Yes. Is it likely to happen some more events? Yes. Read MoreCelta Assignment 11126 Words   |  5 Pages1.†¦.everything that has happened to us during the day †¦.. MEANING 1. â€Å"has happened† is a grammar structure used for actions which started in the past but continue up to now or to talk about actions that have a result now. Timeline: x (x)(x) has happened past present future CQs : Did it happen in the past? Yes. Is the day going on? Yes. Is it likely to happen some more events? Yes. Read MoreCelta Assignment 12179 Words   |  9 PagesSelma Pasanbegovic Assignment 1 – Focus on the Learner Task a: Learner’s Background For the purpose of this assignment I chose Feruza, an Eritrean high school graduate. She was born and raised in Eritrea and came to live in Jeddah only five years ago. She studied English in an elementary school in Eritrea and continued studying it in an Eritrean International High School. She is not happy at all with what she has learnt during those years. She explained that during her elementary school yearsRead MoreCelta Assignment 11833 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment 1  : FOCUS ON THE LEARNER Learner Profile Juan Carlos is a 50 year old native Colombian student, currently residing in Switzerland. He has an intermediate level of English. He works as an Information Technology (IT) engineer and has acquired the necessary English vocabulary to function effectively within this sector. He would like to improve his everyday English fluency in order to interact more effectively with the Lausanne immigrant community, which uses English as the primary languageRead MoreEssay on CELTA Assignment 1658 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿CELTA – Language Related Tasks 1. a vandal - (intermediate) a) ‘A vandal’ can be defined as ‘someone who destroys or damages buildings’. b) One way of eliciting ‘a vandal’ can be to show different pictures that focus on an individual damaging and breaking property. Ask the class the following question to draw the answer out of them: What do you call the man who is doing this? (while pointing at the person in the picture) c) The following concept check questions can be asked: Read MoreCelta Assignment 1 Language Analysis987 Words   |  4 PagesCELTA Assignment 1 – Language analysis Target statement: He can speak 5 different languages. Analysis a) Meaning To talk about present or ‘general’ ability. (Elementary) d) Anticipated problems Sts might confuse with permission b) Form statement: subj. + can + verb (bare infinitive) +†¦ negative: subj. + can’t + verb (bare infinitive)+... question: Can + subj.+ verb (bare infinitive) +†¦ Sts may use can for the future: I will can speak English Sts may add s when using theRead MoreLanguage Related Task Assignment 1 Celta1496 Words   |  6 PagesCELTA WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 1 LANGUAGE RELATED TASKS Look at the sentences below and identify the following: the verb form and structure the meaning (contrast the vocabulary items in number 4) possible student difficulties (in terms of form, meaning and phonology) a likely context through which you could teach the language (who says this sentence to whom and why?) check questions you might ask to check understanding (think about this in relation to your answer for b), your analysis of the function/meaning)

Human Computer Interaction Free Essays

This system will allow a user to directly pay for their food with a queue number that is created by the system. We created a system that is easy to be understood by the user and is more practical to use. Ill. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Computer Interaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now We made this assignment with a few stages, as follows: First: The user must choose what language will be used to select the food in our restaurant, we provide two languages are English and Indonesian. After selecting the engage the user can choose a Vegetarian menu or Non Vegetarian menu. Then if the customer chose the Vegetarian menu Vegetarian menu list will be displayed, as well as for Non Vegetarian menu. Second: Users only need to choose the desired food and beverages. After the costumer have chosen their desired food, the list of names and food prices will be displayed on payout table on the left screen. If the user wants to change the food menu to be ordered then select the name of the food that want canceled then press the symbol on the right price. Third: If the list of foods that ordered the user is correct press the â€Å"ORDER†, then select payment by cash or credit card. After completion of the selection of the payment method, the user selects the â€Å"K† and the memorandum of the payment will come out automatically. From the stage we give the conclusion that this view has the initial appearance, vegetarian and non-vegetarian menu and a menu of payment and this will make the user or customer order food easily and is equipped with a menu display â€Å"HELP† which will help users who are confused using the drive-thru this. How to cite Human Computer Interaction, Papers

Foreign Enterprise Human Resource Services †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Foreign Enterprise Human Resource Services. Answer: Introduction The report talks about the Human resource practices which help in the functioning of an organization. In this report, the HR practices are being conducted in Australia and China. I have shown the similarities and contrast between the types of activities performed in both the countries considering a particular company from each of them with the perspective of making my point more appropriate and clearer. The report has a direct view on how a company of two different countries functions. The companies which will brief with the contents of the document are Beijing Foreign Enterprise Human Resource Services Company in China and Australia Human Resource Institute in Australia (Dowling, 2008). FESCO is known to be the first company to provide human resource services to other enterprises. It was founded in 1979 and has got into existence since then. It is also in partnership with reputed companies of China. AHRI, on the other hand, is a national association representing human resource with around 20,000 members from all over. AHRI concedes the HR experience of its members with a certification program and confides excellence in HR practice across Australia through different awards programs. Before moving further lets make us a bit clear of what does HRM means. HRM stands for Human Resource Management System which is present in all the companies in todays world. Without HR it is difficult for a company to run as this management is responsible for all the important tasks that are required for a company to perform. HR department of any company makes the policies that have to be followed by the staff members. It analyses the work being done at the company and the type of problem s the company faces if any. The work of HR is to take care of the companies finance as well as marketing techniques. We find the difference in the culture of both the companies working under HRM. It talks about the behavior of the company and the capabilities to perform a particular task in one go. The cultural differences of the company have shown a larger impact on their performance, recruitment and selection criteria, occupational health and safety, career management and staff induction which is discussed briefly below (Harzing Pinnington, 2010). Performance Appraisal China is no doubt a leading country in terms of manufacturing. The performance of China has not only increased but rather marked the acme in the world of competencies. FESCO has embodied itself from centrally planned economy to market-based economy. The important role in achieving such heights is played by human resource management and its role has never stooped rather there has been a constant accumulation since the establishment of the market economy (Storey, 2014). The performance of the company has anticipated on the basis of methods beings used by employees while working and the amount of feedback they get. Whereas strategies planned in Australia Human Resource Institute has improved their performance. Australia has put their first step towards managerial outcomes which have experienced the performance only in private sector. The performance appraisal of Australia is because of the debates on visionary issues. It is the use of an integrated strategy which improves the performanc e of individuals, teams, groups, and organizations. Their performance has shaped the performance management of the system. It has improved the organizational capabilities to work. Performance appraisal of Australia involves clarifying objectives and combining them with organizational objectives (Bratton Gold, 2012). Recruitment and Selection FESCO differ in their sources of recruitment. They mainly recruit on a larger level much higher than Australia. The company prefers to have external recruitment more that of the internal one. The recruitment process is done by them mainly comprises of employees able to work efficiently, to check whether they are capable of handling the tasks being assigned to them, whether they follow the values and commitment, whether the employee is willing to work and also the cultural values. When it comes to selection, the company conducts methods such as one-to- one interview, circulating application forms and references (Kavanagh Johnson, 2017). The selection is judged by the authorities on the basis of the interview being conducted, application forms are circulated and through other references. Then when the selection process takes place, the chances of being hired increase as the candidate already inculcates the working experience needed by the company to function which makes it easier for them to perform a task efficiently. The recruitment in AHRI is done on the basis of effectiveness. This company processes the task internally mainly. There are certain norms and criteria for the selection in Australia Human Resource Institute. Only the potential candidates with desired knowledge can fulfill the requirements of the company and therefore are recruited to fill the job vacancies. This criterion gives the candidate the greatest opportunity to showcase his skills keeping in mind to get selected. The selection in such companies is done after the recruitment process which is just not limited to interviewing, or checking references or testing. The selection by the HRMs is done efficiently and equitably (Bach, 2009). Occupational Health and Safety FESCO provide certain incentives to an individual who becomes employees and works for the firm. HR provides the health and safety measures to the employees which keep their interest ongoing in working (Arthur, 2012). Most employees are asked to maintain and manage information regarding the injuries and illnesses that remain uninterrupted by the employers whi8ch harms the results in performing the duties of the job (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). The company keeps a track record of the injuries suffered by employees during their jobs and also includes additional information related to their health. But the occupational and health services that fall under the guidelines of AHRI talks about Work Health and Safety Act (WHS). It ensures measures relating to employees safety measures at the workplace. It covers employees overall well-being and how an organization seeks improvement. The purpose of WHS law is to provide safety to people they employ. It checks the employers uniformity to work efficiently with no safety issues. When the HR is set up, the health and safety measures are also tracked which includes, how an employee got injured, his medical expenses, etc (Compton, 2009). Career Management The career management of FESCO has shown immense growth in the fields of business. It is a combination of organization and also an individuals management. The major benefit of the company is that one can upgrade their occupational goal considering the development in their careers. Moreover, the management system of this company has found importance in relation to the HR practices in FESCO. They look at the behavior of staff towards the company and their career perspective is intended accordingly. The practices of this company are highly related to career satisfaction (Rao Rao, 2009). The department of the company observes the employees behavior which sets their achievement in the long term. The company shows the path to the development which enhances the power to work and achieve the desired goals. Wherein, the AHRI makes a perspective to work which attracts them to develop their career. The management of the company is changed as per the demands and requirements hence it has made i mmense glory in the field of giving chances to the individuals to outburst their talent by implementing it as a career. The HR maintains the overall data of the employee and introspect it according to the demands. AHRI recently has membership in ten thousand HRM and continues to grow which makes employees potential to work and speedily. This management has given a suitable platform to the firm (Rao Rao, 2009). Staff Induction Staff induction as per FESCO the assessment of new staff members is done to become closely acquainted with the culture of the company and to develop an understanding of practices at a lower level to understand the role being performed by the company. The induction process in FESCO starts by checking the induction of employees which tells how to participate in two stage induction process. FESCOs induction process varies from employee to employee according to the role played in the firm (Dessler, 2009). The process is conducted frequently during which employees equate a larger part of information. When we talk about staff induction being done in AHRI we see that the company put expertise on a managerial level and to support them in being more active and understand responsibilities. The company welcomes new employees and once the employee is hired HRM puts them into the productive system of working which makes them learn as soon as possible. The induction criteria manage the decision o0 f an employee to stay and work in the company. The staff is induced as per the requirements of the company which aims to give new employees a chance to prove themselves with greater appreciations (Rothwell, Jackson, Ressler, Jones Brower, 2015). Conclusion As far as the business is concerned new find China has been the leading country in terms HRM to that of Australia. China has the best resources and better strategies and also we find today China is considered to be the largest growing country in manufacturing. Therefore, while conducting the assignment it has been found that Chinas HR management had evolved to a greater extent than Australia. Australia has shown a gradual growth in this field. References Arthur, D. (2012).Recruiting, interviewing, selecting orienting new employees. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Bach, S. (Ed.). (2009).Managing human resources: personnel management in transition. John Wiley Sons. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Compton, R. L. (2009).Effective recruitment and selection practices. CCH Australia Limited. Dessler, G. (2009).A framework for human resource management. Pearson Education India. Dowling, P. (2008).International human resource management: Managing people in a multinational context. Cengage Learning. Harzing, A. W., Pinnington, A. (Eds.). (2010).International human resource management. Sage. Kavanagh, M. J., Johnson, R. D. (Eds.). (2017).Human resource information systems: Basics, applications, and future directions. Sage Publications. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Rao, P. S., Rao, V. S. P. (2009).Personnel and human resource management. Himalaya Publishing House. Rothwell, W. J., Jackson, R. D., Ressler, C. L., Jones, M. C., Brower, M. (2015).Career Planning and Succession Management: Developing Your Organization's Talentfor Today and Tomorrow: Developing Your Organizations Talentfor Today and Tomorrow. ABC-CLIO. Storey, J. (2014).New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.

Propaganda and Mass Media A Theoretical Analysis Essay Example

Propaganda and Mass Media: A Theoretical Analysis Essay The dependency between government and media is a contentious issue in contemporary times. The media, once termed the Fourth Estate due to the unique role it plays in society, is supposed to be the conscience of the First Estate, namely the government. Yet, a simple analysis of the functioning of media organizations makes obvious that its role had deviated from the purported ideal. Rather than serving the interests of the general public, the media is shown to serve vested interests of the powers that be. In this scenario, some of the predictions made by sociologists are proving to be true. For example, Structural Functionalist Theorists, such as Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton, proposed that deviation from social norms will lead to retribution and ostracizing, which would prove to be a powerful deterrent for such behavior. And in the context of the near monopoly of the mainstream media, alternative viewpoints (deviation) are suffocated through lack of financial viability or the risk of criticism. In this manner strict social control is established. (Edgley, 2000, p.23) In any critical discussion of modern geo-polity, the word ‘propaganda’ finds recurrent mention. This is nowhere truer than in discussions about the policies and actions of the world’s only superpower, the United States of America. In his book, ‘Managing Public Opinion: The Corporate Offensive’, Alex Carey says that in the United States, â€Å"great progress had been made towards the ideal of a propaganda-managed democracy, whose principal aim was to identify a rapacious business state with every cherished human value† (Pilger, 2005). If the objective of this propaganda framework is met, then notions of democracy and individual franchise will be overwhelmed by constructs of the public relations industry in the form of advertisements and business-controlled news. In essence, Alex Carey is suggesting that in the United States, the media has become subservient to the state (Pilger, 2005). Again, we see overtones of Structural Functionalist theories in Carey’s assessment. It is then natural for ‘anomie’ to set in and lead to greater dissidence to state authority. As anomie grows, society will reach a point of high conflict between the power elite and the general population. With elite media having state authority and financial resources at its disposal is more likely to quash any social uprising, leading to a consolidation of dominance and control over the population. (Goodman Goodman, 2004, p.41) We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda and Mass Media: A Theoretical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda and Mass Media: A Theoretical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda and Mass Media: A Theoretical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A key talking point amongst the intelligentsia is the dangers posed by lack of diversity and representation in the mainstream media’s coverage. The phenomena of media concentration, which has seen greater consolidation in the last decade, give rise to production of news content that serves the interests of select media elite. This concentration of power in the hands of large media conglomerates makes it easy for them to set the political agenda on the national scale as exemplified by Rupert Murdoch’s near monopoly ownership of media space in Britain. It is no surprise then that the issues that media coverage, in general, is infested with their personal biases, prejudices and interests. The general public, made helpless by this system, is presented a narrow political agenda that holds no real significance for them (Eldridge, Kitzinger Williams, 1997, p. 27). In other words, while the media has the power to elicit a policy response from the government, the outcomes tend to benefit the media elite and ruling classes rather than people. In this sense, media can be said to serve an imperialist agenda. In this climate, only a few news stories get picked for publication/broadcast among numerous other pieces competing for the same space/time. The journalists in charge of deciding the news content are subject to personal biases, external coercions (both implicit and explicit) and other constraints that influence their decision making. For these reasons, there are only a minority of journalists who adhere to standards of objectivity and professional integrity, while the rest succumb to various pressures consciously or otherwise. This decline in journalistic ethos is seen across geo-political entities and cultures, making it a cause of concern for all (Eldridge, Kitzinger Williams, 1997, p. 28). References Eldridge, J., Kitzinger, J., Williams, K. (1997). The Mass Media and Power in Modern Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The book gives a detailed presentation of the state of media in Britain. It places its analysis on several sociological theories in currency, giving the reader a comprehensive picture. The book succeeds in validating theories through factual proof. Edgley, A. (2000). The Social and Political Thought of Noam Chomsky. London: Routledge. The book is very relevant to discussion on media and propaganda, because it is dedicated exclusively to the social and political thought of Noam Chomsky – the leading social critic of our times. The book also draws heavily from Chomsky’s Propaganda Model, a thesis he first expounded in his 1980 book Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media, co-authored with Edward Herman. Goodman, A., Goodman, D. (2004). The Exception to the Rulers: Exposing America’s War Profiteers, the Media That Love Them and the Crackdown on Our Rights. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen Unwin. The sibling team of Amy Goodman and David Goodman fill their book with many practical examples that validate expressions of anomie, social control, social stratification, etc. They also present copious evidence to the imperialist function attached to mainstream mass media. Pilger, J. (2005, April 11). From the BBC’s Capitulation to the Israeli Government, to the Rush to Eulogise a Deeply Reactionary Pope Pressure on the Media Is Leading to Insidious New State Propaganda. New Statesman, 134, 21+. John Pilger is renowned for his brave journalistic reports from places of military conflict and political chaos. He brings the same vim and vigor to this report cum analysis on contemporary media scene. The author cites recent findings by sociologists to back his arguments. Media’s role as an instrument of coercion, control and domination is persuasively illustrated.

marc newson essays

marc newson essays At age 40 Marc Newson has already accomplished many things including; chairs, household objects, a bicycle and a concept car to restaurants, a recording studio and interiors of private and commercial jets, for clients in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. Newson was born in Sydney, Australia; he spent his childhood years travelling in Europe and Asia. Before graduating in 1984 at Sydney College of the Arts he studied jewellery and sculpture. After 1984 he was awarded a grant from the Australian Crafts Council, (from his work as a student) and staged an exhibition, featuring the Lockheed Lounge, at the Roslyn Oxley Gallery in Sydney. Newson moved to Tokyo (1987 to 1991) after being offered by, Teruo Kurosaki. His work was widely distributed in Europe and Asia. In 1991 Newson set up a studio in Paris. He formed a joint venture, the Ikepod Watch Company, to manufacture the watches he designed, and produced limited editions of aluminium furniture. During the 1990s Newson designed a series of restaurants, a Tokyo recording studio and a retail system for Belgian designer, Walter Von Beirendonck's W. Moving to London in 1997, Newson set up Marc Newson Ltd, for attempting larger projects. He has since designed mass manufactured glassware for Iittala, kitchen and bathroom accessories for Alessi, furniture and household objects for Magis and B Newson has won many awards and exhibited his work widely around the world. He created Bucky, a scul ...

Reward management and performance related pay Essay

Reward management and performance related pay - Essay Example In today's fast-paced modern world, the job market seems to be getting more and more diverse, wide and inclusive of a great number of potential factors, that could affect the way one sees his job. Human Resources Management is one such area that is gaining importance by the day. Human Resources Managers work towards the fundamental problem of creating a balance between the expectations of both, employers and employees.The job market is getting highly competitive and retaining good talent is becoming an arduous task, owing to the better attractive offers being offered to talented workforces. As they say, grass on the other side of the fence is greener and therefore, employees find themselves being pulled across by alluring competitors. Under such circumstances, the compensation or pay packet goes a long way in determining the loyalties of employees. For instance, if the talented employee in question is unsatisfied with the compensation he receives from his current job, he would obviou sly consider the competitor's job that offers him greater potential and pay.Most employees prefer jobs that offer challenges and on successful dealing and completion of these challenges, would prefer better pay packets. At the end of the day, pay is a huge motivator or factor in diminishing quality of output. Therefore, jobs that offer growth potential, in terms of the hierarchical setup and the pay raise, experience great amount of success in maintaining stability in terms of employee retention and in cementing employer-employee relationships. "..the pay package is one of the most obvious & visible exchanges of the employment relationship; it is the main issue in the exchange between employer & employee, expressing the connection between the labour market, the individual's work & the performance of the employing organisation itself" (Hegewisch, 1991: 28). Therefore, the solution to this problem faced by employers in the process of reducing employee attrition rates and retaining talent, is performance-related payments and issuing rewards for quality output of work! Objectives of Employer and Employee In an organisation, both the employers, as well as, the employees possess varied objectives and expectations from each other, the job and the outcome. The objectives of the employer varies significantly from that of the employee, in formulating and pursuing the mutual contract. Here are the objectives of the employer, when he formulates and enters into a payment contract with his employee: Detainment: Employers look towards retaining the talent they spot in employees, without allowing competitors to take over the same. Therefore, they endeavour to satisfy their talented employees by formulating and putting forth a good payment contract. No one would want to lose a good employee due to under-payment levels. Thus, one of their many objectives is to retain talent and reducing the attrition rates. Steer clear: Employers attempt to steer clear of competitors and emerge victorious in alluring and maintaining some of the most skilful talent, which directly affects the positive quality of work output. Thus, they look to maintain an upper hand amongst competitors, by entering into a decent payment contract with their employees. Intelligent dealings: Employers try to attract the best possible talent within their limitations in providing payment. When they enter into the payment contract, they attempt to make the most in terms of attracting the best

Coca - Cola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coca - Cola - Case Study Example While the company is actively using sponsorship as a marketing and promotion tool, the Coca-Cola’s market capitalization has decreased significantly after the death of its CEO, Roberto Coizueta in 1997. While in 2014 market capitalization of the Coca-Cola Company is 183, 99 billion dollars, the Coca-Cola Company has weaker financial position than it had 17 years ago. These values indicate that Coca-Cola Company is an organization aiming to maintain leadership position and also is striving to â€Å"shape a better future† (The Coca-Cola Company, n.d., n.p.). Collaboration value means that the company is focused on people and teamwork. By combining efforts and human resources the company leverages collective genius (The Coca-Cola Company, n.d., n.p.). The company is also promoting the corporate spirit and passion among its employees to the brand. The value of diversity stresses that the company is operating globally, and diversity at workplace and diversity of brands are two integral parts of the business. Also, the value of quality reveals that the company focuses not only on production of high quality products, but also on everything they do. Coca-Cola Company is involved in sponsorship of mega sports events such as the Olympic Games, The Rugby World Cup, the NFL, the Tour de France or Formula 1 for a quite long period of time (Nufer & Buhler 2010). Global sports events such as the Olympics and Rugby World attract people from all over the world and generate the target audience, which Coca-Cola Company is trying to reach, and establish in the minds of these people association of the sport event with the brand of the company (Nufer & Buhler 2010).Therefore, the company uses such events as marketing tools which enable it to improve the image and increase awareness of the company (Nufer & Buhler 2010). Sponsoring of big and attractive sporting events enables Coca-Cola to minimize

A Reality Check In Contemporary Indian Media Media Essay

A Reality Check In Contemporary Indian Media Media Essay The paper discusses the evolution of the Gatekeeping Model over the years and examines how the traditional roles of gatekeeping have witnessed a change. From editors and reporters, the news and information is now being filtered by corporate houses, sponsors, advertisers, politicians and in case of the social media, the audience themselves. The research also offers an overview of the trend of cross media ownership in India and how the sponsors are influencing the information carried where corporatization of the media has affected the flow of news. Besides, it also studies the idea of gatekeeping in India in the context of social networking where the users themselves are gatekeepers. The paper suggests that the traditional methods of gatekeeping have decayed and hence it should be understood in novel contexts keeping in mind the rapid growth of new technologies and different ways of mass communication. Keywords: Gatekeeping, Advertisers, Social media, Indian media. Which news is more valuable? Twenty one persons killed and dozens injured in train collision or The speeding train kills seven elephants. Most people would say both are equally important but the people who are actually involved in the process of news selection and placement will be holding a different view. One of the news stories will be given more value than the other and so would be placed accordingly in the news paper. One of them might take a position on the front page while the other might have to be satisfied by being on some inside page. Most of the times, the stories with comparatively less value might not even get a chance to be published if the space on the page is not enough. Everyday numerous events take place that need reporting but not all of them can be published in a news paper or be flashed on a TV screen or announced on a radio set. The idea of gatekeeping seems logical at first since there is a limitation of time and space in publications and channels and very sim ply put, not everything can be shown or published. Thus, some kind of filtration is but natural. However, there are conscious processes involved which decide what has to be transmitted and what has to be withheld. The earliest concept of gatekeeping has assigned this conscious role to the editors of media houses. Traditionally, such decisions were based on the principles of news value and making such decisions used to be the major task of a gatekeeper which was taken up by the editor of a news paper. Every story that used to enter the newsroom had to go through the scrutiny of the editor and only after the editor approves, it was allowed to be published. Hence, it can be said that an editor used to have the final say in what is to be sent to the readers and what not. Editor was the sole authority holding the gate through which the stories pass. The traditional theories and models on gatekeeping also laid emphasis on the importance of the role of an editor in the paradigm of news communication. The famous model of gate keeping given by D.M. White(1950) focused only on the role of an editor as the man who made decisions. However, his theory was criticized when the other factors influencing the decision started gaining recognition. The editors started losing their say in the news selection process as the media got locked into the power structure, and consequently as acting largely in tandem with the dominant institutions in society. The media thus reproduced the viewpoints of dominant institutions not as one among a number of alternative perspectives, but as the central and obvious or natural perspective (Curran et al, 1982). The element of biasness affects the information that is received by the reader. The editor is required to keep in mind a number of things other than the news value principles for letting a story be published. The flow of information is being regulated by the gatekeepers who are not directly involved in the news gathering process but are the managers and the owners of the media firms or the advertisers or other stake holders. Money and power are able to filter out the news fit to print, marginalize dissent, and allow the government and dominant private interests to get their messages across to the public (Herman and Chomsky, 1988). The political affiliation of a media outlet determines the ideology it would stand for and hence the gatekeeping will be done accordingly. The gatekeeper moulds the stories in a way that satisfy the interest of a political leader or a group and so changing the angle and slant of the real truth. Mass media content is influenced by media workers socialization and attitudes. Their professional training, personal and political attitudes and affiliations lead them to produce a social reality (Riaz, 2008). To a certain level, gatekeeping is very important for communication planning but as the news media has been overpowered by the top tier of corporate, it is becoming more of a negative term. Commercial advertising is the principal source of revenue for media and is very important for ensuring the survival of the media houses. In fact, the biggest regulators of the flow of information are the commercial organizations providing financial support to the media outlets in the form of advertisements. This has not only changed the nature of flow of news but also the entire set up of a news paper. Twenty five years ago, we could never imagine that first page of a newspaper in India would be full page advertisement. The news paper today looks more of a product catalogue than a news journal. On one hand, the globalization and liberalization provides a better scope of mediating while on the other it has given rise to commercialization of news. The profit making motive of the owners and publishers has led to backroom negotiation and encouraged payola which further leads to withholding of information and possibilities and hence preventing the readers from realizing the importance of truth in order to create the desired effect in the society. This can be easily related to agenda-setting. The gatekeeping today, is a vital part of the agenda-setting function of media as it is vastly used as a helping tool by the agenda setters. According to the agenda-setting theory, because of the fact of paying attention to some issues and neglecting and ignoring some others, the mass media will have an effect on public opinion (Riaz, 2008). For example, while watching a cricket match on television, one cannot watch the action taking place in the whole ground and also the spectators present in the pavilion from every angle at the same time. Even though today the information is coming from all corners, newspapers still remains as the top most trusted source in India and so the editorial decisions made in the dark without proper justification is not only an irresponsible act but also a corrupt practice. Keeping the gate is a serious responsibility and if the gatekeepers integrity is lost, the news paper too will loose its integrity. The gatekeeper has the power to forward the selected news items to the consumers. Therefore, the gatekeeper must have a moral justification of selecting a news story over the other because with power comes the accountability. News comes from the people and goes back to them. People are the ultimate source and the consumers of information. Hence, it is very important to ensure that the interests of the people are met. But the commercialization of media has led to conscious manipulations in sending back to the public what they are interested in and what can be discussed.Gatekeeping today can be called as one of the barriers to communication because the gatekeepers decide the nature of thoughts that will be created in the minds of the people and dictate what is worthy of the attention of the receiver. Here, one can raise an eyebrow and can ask for ones right to information. There has been numerous instances where biased gatekeeping created false or skewed notion of an institution, event or an individual. These will be discussed later in the paper.    Gatekeepers of news and information: The theoretical underpinning The gatekeepers model has been the bedrock of many communication studies in India and abroad and it has been the most debated theory as well. Communication scholars like Wilbur Schramm have outlined the basic tenets of the process of communication. A message is sent by a sender to a receiver through a channel and the receiver gives feedback making the communication process a dynamic and continuous one. However, the gatekeepers model has been seminal in the sense that it has identified influences of the institutional roles of editors on the information, especially information in news form, being passed on to readers, listeners and viewers. The evolution of the Gatekeepers theory has been charted by Chris Roberts, a Doctoral student at The University of South Carolina in a paper titled Communication Theory and Methodology Division Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication presented in August 2005 at Communication Theory and Methodology Division Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication San Antonio, Texas. Roberts has termed the concept as the vanilla ice cream of mass communication theory. He says- this is so since it may not be everyones favourite, but nearly everyone can tolerate it and while it may have an unremarkable flavour, it serves as a building block for other theory and methodological approaches. In post-war America in 1947, it was Prussian scholar Kurt Lewin who coined the term gatekeeping. He concluded in a study of sweetbreads on Iowa housewives that they are the gatekeepers who control what food enters the channels that ultimately bring it from the garden or super market into the household and onto the dining-room table. Each channel is walled into sections surrounded by gates the decision-making points that determine whether the food will enter the channel to start with, or move to the next section. But there are forces which exert pressure along the way to accept or reject food. He however added that the theory holds not only for food channels but also for the travelling of a news item through certain communication channels in a groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Lewin, 1947). It was in the same year 1947 that David Manning White decided to observe how an editor of a newspaper chooses or leaves out news. Aided by a telegraph wire editor Mr Gates for his study on a newspaper titled The Peoria Star, White proposed the flow of communication in 1950 which was later integrated into Lewins theory(Figure-I). The theory was published in Journalism Quarterly, 27. FIGURE I http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Media,%20Culture%20and%20Society/gatekeeping.doc/gatekeeping-1.gif White suggested that a news source has several items some of which are filtered by the organizations editors who act as gatekeepers. The news that thus reaches the audience is selected consciously. However, editors can also publish only what is provided to them by the sources like news wires. This aspect was elaborated by Dr Walter Gieber in 1956 whose dissertation at the University of Wisconsin expanded Whites early study to 16 wire editors. Where Gieber differed from other scholars was that he gave equal importance to the processes surrounding the agents who act as gatekeepers. Chris Roberts outlines that in Giebers theory, these gatekeepers are passive and reactive, unable to do much to influence the copy they receive. A very key factor in the news flow process was overlooked by White which is the organizational influences like work culture, work routines and story deadlines which were also noted by Gieber. The Westley-MacLean model (Figure-II) introduced the idea of gatekeeper C and feedback between the three centres. According to them, C filters some component of the message which is being sent to B. But feedback between the sender and receiver remains all throughout. FIGURE II http://communicationtheory.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/westley-and-macLean%E2%80%99s-model-of-communication-diagram.jpg (Available at: http://communicationtheory.org/westley-and-maclean%E2%80%99s-model-of-communication/) Here, X1 and X2 are news items which reach the client A (media house, reporter) who passes it on to audience B. There is the intervention of C, a gatekeeper who can also receive some news directly (X3, X4). Westley and MacLean have suggested that communication begins when receivers start to give feedback (f) according to their own surroundings. This model was applicable for both interpersonal and mass communication and identified the very important element of feedback despite the presence of a gatekeeper. If we take an example from India, a newspaper reporter might get news and the editor might edit it before publishing. But whatever information reaches the audience is acted upon by them- the thriving Letters to the Editor section, especially in the Hindi press, being a good example of that. But if one talks about gatekeeping, it should be kept in mind that it is not only about the selection and presentation of news but also about gathering of news from various sources. J T McNelly(1959) focused not on editors but also on reporters, who according to him were the first of the multiple gatekeepers(Figure-III). According to him, news can be modified in different ways and by different authorities. FIGURE III C:UserssargamDesktopDocs n FilesThird SemDev CommShowcases-McNelly-and-News-Flow-4.jpg Available at http://www.alanmachinwork.net/Showcases The scenario in contemporary Indian media industry In terms of investment in men and machinery, the Indian media industry has become a corporate structure both in operation and management. And it has witnessed a definite transformation from a mission to a profession. Commercialization of media is almost complete and all sorts of manipulations are being used as are done in the case of product marketing. This has tremendous impact on gatekeeping functions also. It has given rise to many gatekeepers of news and information apart from traditional gatekeeper like editors. Today, there are different powerful gatekeepers who influence the media and their coverage because of either their economic clout or influence. Broadly speaking, the gatekeeping scenario in the Indian media has undergone a change due to three key factors, viz., Cross-media ownership, Corporatization of media, Popularization of social media. Gatekeeping in cross media ownership situation Post the reforms of 1991, the Indian economy has opened up many sectors for private entrepreneurial interest. Since the last two decades of liberalization, the phenomenon of concentration of wealth has been marring the economy. A 2009 study India 2039 an affluent society in one generation funded by the Asian Development Bank has shown that a handful of 50 people (50 billionaires in a country of more than 120 crore) controlled wealth equivalent to 20 per cent of Indias Gross Domestic Product(Available at: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/laws_papers/india/india_2039_an_affluent_society_in_one_generation.pdf). The corporate world has been able to carve its own huge space in the economic domain of the country in a short span of time. This space has also in a sense intruded into the media in a hegemonic manner. Both in the print and electronic media, the corporate sector has become an investor and a power to reckon with. Quoting a research conducted by Dilip Mandal and R. Anuradha, that has been published in Media Ethics (Oxford University Press, 2011), Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, (member of the committee set up by the Press Council of India to check ethical and legal violations by the media) has elaborated how the boards of directors of a number of media companies now include (or have included in the past) representatives of big corporate entities that are advertisers(Guha Thakurta, Media Ownership Trends in India, The Hoot, July 3, 2012). The board of Jagran Publications has had the Managing Director (MD) of Pantaloon Retail, Kishore Biyani, McDonald Indias MD Vikram Bakshi, and leather-maker Mirza Internationals MD Rashid Mirza; besides the CEO of media consulting firm Lodestar Universal India, Shashidhar Sinha, and the chairman of the real estate firm JLL Meghraj, Anuj Puri. The board of directors of HT Media, publishers of Hindustan Times and Hindustan, has included the former chairman of Ernst You ng K. N. Memani and the chairman of ITC Limited Y C Deveshwar. Joint MD of Bharti Enterprise Rajan Bharti and MD of Anika International Anil Vig are a part of the TV Todays Board of Directors. The board of directors of DB Corp (that publishes the daily, Dainik Bhaskar) includes the head of Piramal Enterprises Group, Ajay Piramal, the MD of Warburg Pincus, Nitin Malhan, and the executive chairman of advertising firm Ogilvy Mather, Piyush Pandey. NDTVs Board of Directors has Pramod Bhasin, President and CEO of the countrys biggest business processing outsourcing company GenPact as a member of its board of directors. The idea behind giving such details is to show the constant overlapping of corporate and citizens interests. News and information published/broadcast was traditionally meant to inform, awaken or entertain people which now has become a tool for publicity, public relation, relationship management and veiled advertising for the corporate firms. They do so through having an i nterest in media houses via investment and ownership. As Guha Thakurta has said, Instead of media houses relying on advertisers to fund quality journalism, the relationship becomes insidiously reversed. Advertisers and corporate units begin to rely on news outlets to further their interests. In 2003, Bennett Coleman Company Limited (publishers of the Times of India and the Economic Times, among other publications) started a paid content service, which enabled them to charge advertisers for coverage of product launches or celebrity-related events. Radiagate and the control of information by the corporate media In late 2010, Open magazine published records of leaked telephonic conversation between corporate lobbyist Nira Radia and influential media persons, politicians and corporate houses which seem to point to a nexus between the three sectors in the appointment of ministers and in important corporate deals. Among the mainstream newspapers in India, newspapers The Hindu and The Pioneer were one of the first to publish the records and carry the story. However, a highly conscious process of selection went into the coverage of what came to be known as Radiagate. Many news publications and news channels did not carry the story at first and the tapes leaked were also allegedly selective. In an article Media ethics: Why we need both panic and a pinch of salt (Tehelka Magazine, Vol 7, Issue 48, Dated December 04, 2010), Shoma Chaudhary has pointed out how the media is under immense pressure while reporting a story. She says that one of the most damaging symptoms in Indian media today is its slav ish relationship with corporate power. Political misconduct is often brought to book, corporate crime almost never. Big business has its tentacles everywhere. Almost all the premier publications and channels The Times of India, Times Now, The Economic Times, CNBC etc come across as compromised in differing percentages, she has stressed. Therefore, even if the editors and reporters wish to play out the role of gatekeepers, they have corporate concerns in mind since the private sector has become a major source of revenue for the media houses. Prominent media houses have a diverse set of people with varying financial interests investing in them and thus proving to be a huge financial support which is how the corporate sector can also be considered a gatekeeper- a force that controls or influences the selection and consequent flow of information. Senior Associate Editor, The Hindu Business Line, Rasheeda Bhagat has discussed the media blackout of the issue pointing out that the TV cha nnels (employing journalists allegedly involved in the scandal) remained silent on the issue for long. (Those Living In Glass Houses, The Hindu Business Line, November 23, 2010). Though the print and electronic media tried to control the information, the traditional role of gatekeeping by the editors or even the new role of gatekeeping by the corporate sector eventually failed when it came to Radiagate. This was due to the alternative of social media which proved to be a powerful tool in mounting pressure on the government to start investigating in the 2G scandal. Face book and Twitter helped people to access opinions of fellow citizens and thinkers while the leaked tapes were also available online on video-sharing websites like YouTube. Advertorials have been another form of corporate intrusion into the business of news and information. They are actually advertisements furthering the commercial interests of a corporate house, a firm or an organisation presented in the manner of a piece of news or an editorial. Bart Pattyn (Media Ethics: Opening Social Dialogue, 2000) says that advertorials employ a language not directly persuasive but more oriented at conveying information about the product. Generally, the editor has no role to play while an advertorial is being carried since it is the advertising department of the media house which decides in this matter. While it is not illegal or unethical to publish or carry them, many experts feel that the concept of advertorials has made media houses compromise on their ethics since they try to avoid conflict of interest between them and the sponsors. The level of investment that the advertisers and sponsors have achieved indicates that they have become the main source of reve nue for media houses. However, Professor J. J. Soundararaj (Try Advertorial to Overcome the Challenges of Commercial Clutter, Excel International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies, Vol.1 Issue 2, November 2011) points out that advertorials are costly. Hence not all firms can afford them. Thus, it is the financially sound organisations that use this method of promotion. Hence, this can be another example of how the corporate sector is acting as a gatekeeper and controlling and selecting what information should reach an audience. Politicians as gatekeepers Several politicians in India today run a news channel or publication. Commenting on this trend, journalist Archna Shukla studies the case of Piccadilly Group, owned by Kartikeya Sharma which manages Hindi newspaper Aaj Samaj and runs news channels under the name of India News. (We also make TV news, The Indian Express, August 19, 2012). Sharma is the son of Congress leader Shri Vinod Sharma. It is said that Sharma senior took a vow to launch his own newspaper and TV channel after he felt that it was media activism that led to his son Manu Sharmas conviction in the Jessica Lal murder case of 1999, Shukla says. In the South India, AIADMKs J Jayalalitha owns Jaya TV while rival DMKs M Karunanidhi owns Kalaignar TV and his nephew Kalanidhi Maran owns Sun TV. Mediapersons have pointed out how they give favourable coverage to the political parties of their owners. Election Commission officials have said that they do not receive complaints about paid news in Tamil Nadu since the party affiliations are already clear. Even if the channels are not owned directly by the politicians, the evil of paid news has hit the Indian media showing how anyone with money can be a gatekeeper. Guha Thakurta has pointed out that many candidates have fixed rates in case they want a newspaper to impart favourable coverage during elections. There have been instances when even the government and its machinery have controlled the flow of information for safety and strategic purposes. Gatekeeping of information can also be beneficial in instances where the media goes overboard with reportage. During the coverage of the 2008 terror attacks in Mumbai, the editors at first went ahead with the complete coverage focusing only on Nariman House and Trident Hotel, completely sidelining the attack on Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. Television channels broadcast gory images and were also in competition with each other for exclusive footage which interfered with the ongoing army operations. The government and military authorities had to finally intervene to urge the media for a balance and controlled coverage. People as gatekeepers: The rise of social media It is very interesting to note that in areas untouched by technology (like many villages), the tradition of sitting together to discuss the days happenings is strong. Here, the better read people in the village or those who own a radio or television set can gatekeep and let out selective information to fellow villagers. Hence, the audience itself doubles up as a gatekeeper. The same phenomenon can be noticed in areas completely engulfed by technology. India has been witnessing a growing craze for social networking with more than 50 million Indians registered on leading networking site Facebook. The very idea of social media activities like chatting, posting and blogging is the concept of Freedom rather freedom from censorship. A blog is a free platform where people or bloggers themselves are gatekeepers who control information and decide what their fellow netizens will read. A tweet by a celebrity (as a note on social networking site Twitter is called) can be read by anybody followin g the celebrity. The followers can also comment on the tweets and there have been instances of uncontrollable and harsh commenting on scams and scandals on Twitter. Commenting on the social media scenario today, noted filmmaker Shekhar Kapur says: As Newspaper and Media empires fade, Gatekeepers as we know them, are being replaced by Platformers that enable communities to share ideas, thoughts, knowledge, news, between themselves at an unprecedented speeds, letting them transact   and exchange even real goods and services between themselves. Communities will now reject Gate Keepers that thrive on a system that tries to control that flow. Social networking has become a rage precisely because of the free flow of information it allows on an immediate basis. There is no editing authority which can delete or control what a user writes on several websites. As a result, one can also come across inappropriate content online showing how people themselves have the power to gatekeep and decide what can be filtered. In the wake of the recent misuse of social networking websites by groups trying to spread rumours regarding dangers to lives of the residents of the north-eastern states in India, Union Minister for Information Technology Kapil Sibal has called for some regulation to avoid such instances. As a result, a few websites have agreed to share user information with the government authorities. Conclusion The concept of gatekeeping in India has undergone a transformation due to the trend of cross-media ownership, corporatization of the media and increasing popularity of social networking websites. Consequently, the traditional role of gatekeeping by the editors or reporters are now being performed by sponsors and advertisers who influence content selection due to their economic clout and politicians who own news entities or have significant financial holdings in them. A platform where the audience itself can gatekeep is the arena of social networking where the absence of strong censorship allows users to generate the desired content and share it with fellow users. Examples include Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Orkut and others. The Indian authorities have recently called for some kind of regulation in this arena to prevent the misuse of this platform. Disregarding the older concept of gatekeeping, it is now recognized that gatekeeping is exercised at almost every stage in the whole process communicating news. Earlier, due to the lack of space and time the editors used to leave out or ignore so many things but today, in the era of information over flow, the gatekeeping starts from the very first stage i.e. from the place of origin of event. The sources give some information and leave some and so the people who are the source of events act as a gatekeeper; a reporter is a gatekeeper as she might not send the full information to the newsroom or might send biased information and the chain goes on and stops back with the people as the consumers of the news by choosing what to consume and what to leave. So, the earlier notion of editors as the only gatekeeper is no more true. Some exogenous factors like pressure groups and flak (Herman and Chomsky, 1988) are also keeping the gates and mark their presence by pressurizing the media outlet s to stop certain information from being conveyed to the citizens. For an example, Salman Rushdies Satanic Verses received the highest level of criticism by the religious pressure group accusing Rushdie for blasphemy. This not just banned the readers to read this book but also did not allow Rushdie to openly address the public. Not allowing people equal access to information is also a form of gatekeeping. This creates information gap and disparity between the haves and the haves-not of knowledge. In a democratic set up like India, everyone should have the right to equal access to information. For example, the Internet service providers including both private and government provide higher speed at higher prices. Therefore, somebody who cannot afford higher prices cannot have the information. Similarly, the uploading speed provided is much less than the downloading speeds. This again acts as a gate for the citizen journalists who wish to share some important piece of information they have with the world. The power of gatekeepers seems to diminish in a modern information society. The Internet defies the whole notion of a gate and challenges the idea that journalists (or anyone else) can or should limit what passes through it (Shoemaker et al, 2001). The statement is an eye opener for many, who have still not r ealized the power of internet to control the information at various levels, and which is indeed proving out to be real in the current scenario. As after its unparalleled debut in the information sector, it has set a bench mark for its competition, and in a very short span, the internet became one of the most viewed and dependable source and controller of information, with a global consumer base at its disposal, and hence a very powerful gatekeeper.

The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay

Worldwide, the load of mental upsets is immense and at least comparable to the load caused by many terrible physical diseases [ 1 ] . In the WHO Global Burden of Disease undertaking it was estimated that 50 % of all Disability Adjusted Life Years ( DALY ‘s ) in the 15-44 old ages old are due to psychiatry-related conditions [ 2 ] . Recently, depressive upsets were projected to rank 2nd on a list of 15 major diseases in footings of load of disease in 2030 [ 3 ] . In malice of the many available effectual interventions, they have limited possible to cut down the entire load of mental unwellness [ 4 ] . It has been estimated that the maximal decrease of the entire load of mental disease that can be achieved by intervention in optimum scenes is merely 40 % [ 5 ] . Therefore, bar of mental upsets is indispensable. An extra statement for beef uping the function of preventative psychopathology in public wellness is the fact that at the population degree, a significant portion of the costs are caused by new instances. The new instances account for 39.2 % of the costs at the population degree [ 6 ] . Unfortunately, there are soon few possibilities for the primary or selective bar of mental disease in the non-referred population. Because grownup mental diseases have their beginnings early in life [ 7 ] , primary bar can be most effectual if started early in childhood, or even before. Indeed, bar of psychosocial jobs may get down before birth.1.4 Gevolgen new wave psychopathologie tijdens de zwangerschapThere is strong grounds that, in line with Barker ‘s â€Å" foetal beginnings of grownup disease † hypothesis [ a ] , an inauspicious mental province of a female parent during gestation is an of import and modifiable hazard factor for psychosocial jobs in her kids. The nexus between prenatal maternal negative emotions and behavioural and emotional ( ‘psychosocial ‘ ) jobs in the progeny has been demonstrated in legion carnal surveies and, more late, in worlds. Two recent reappraisals summarize the consequences of this research [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . Numerous surveies evidenced that there is a positive association between prenatal anxiousness or depression in the female parent, and cognitive, behavioural and emotional jobs in the kid. For illustration, in a big survey ( N=7448 ) prenatal anxiousness of the female parent was related to behavioural or emotional jobs of 4-year-old kids, independent of the female parent ‘s postpartum depression or anxiousness [ 10 ] . Anxiety in gestation has been related to delayed mental and motor development, independent of the female parent ‘s postpartum emphasis and depression degrees [ 11 ] . The inauspicious effects seem to be permanent: higher anxiousness degrees of the female parents early in gestation were related to an addition in ADHD and other projecting jobs in their 8-9 twelvemonth old kids [ 12 ] . An addition in criminalism in the male progeny of female parents who suffered antenatal depression was observed by Maki et al [ 13 ] . Davis and colleagues demonstrated that maternal antenatal anxiousness and depression were associated with an unfavorable disposition, i.e. infant negative responsiveness which in bend is related to behavioural suppression and societal anxiousness [ 14 ] . Chung et Al found that depression in gestation is associated with growing deceleration, premature birth and more extradural analgesia during bringing. Children of these adult females are more likely to be admitted on a NICU [ 15 ] . Although the mechanisms have non been to the full elucidated, the emphasis endocrine hydrocortisone, which besides seems to play a function in grownup abnormal psychology, has been proposed as the primary biological go-between [ 9 ] . Elevated maternal hydrocortisone degrees might take to cut down development of the kid. LeWinn and others found that higher maternal hydrocortisone degrees during gestation are associated with decreased childhood IQ [ 16 ] . Other mechanisms such as intoxicant and nicotine ingestion in gestation [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and the effects of the postpartum mental status of the female parent ( e.g. with effects for suckling [ 20 ] [ 21 ] ) may be runing every bit good [ 22 ] . Whatever the existent mechanisms involved are, there is soon convincing grounds that kids whose female parents suffered from anxiousness or depression during gestation constitute a high hazard group for behavioural and emotional jobs. Early designation and intervention, and sooner even bar of the maternal mental wellness jobs would assist to forestall the same type of jobs in the progeny.1.5 Antenatale depressieUntil pubescence, rates of depression are approximately equal in male childs and misss, but from adolescence on, misss suffer about twice every bit frequently of depression than male childs, a rate which remains changeless until climacteric, after which it bit by bit declines [ 23 ] [ 24 ] . During gestation around 10-20 % of all adult females are enduring from depression or anxiousness, a prevalence that is basically similar to the prevalence outside gestation [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] . Known hazard factors for prenatal depression are immature maternal age [ 26 ] , being multipara with a history of obstetric complication [ 33 ] , cohabitating [ 34 ] , low societal support [ 35 ] [ 36 ] , major life events [ 37 ] , low income [ 38 ] and a history of physical and/or sexual maltreatment [ 37 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] . Niet gebruikte refnrs: [ 39 ] [ 43 ] [ 45 ]1.6 Antenatale angststoornisAlthough there is a batch more known about depression during gestation, anxiousness upsets are the most common psychiatric upsets in grownups. Anxiety upsets have a 12-month prevalence estimated at 18 % , and are more frequently seen in adult females [ 42 ] . A recent reappraisal found that anxiousness upsets are common during the perinatal period, with rates of generalised anxiousness upset being higher during the perinatal period ( 8,5 % in the 3rd trimester ) than in the general population [ 44 ] . Because depression and anxiousness often co-occur [ 46 ] , it is likely that adult females who report depressive symptoms during gestation besides experience symptoms of anxiousness. Furthermore, anxiousness upsets are common in the absence of depression, peculiarly in adult females [ 47 ] , and the average age of oncoming of many anxiousness upsets is at a child-bearing age [ 48 ] . Harmonizing to Moss et Al, hazard factors for anxiousness may be similar to those of depression in pregnant adult females but this requires farther research [ 49 ] .1.7 Socio-economische positieThe socio-economic place ( SEP ) is traditionally defined as â€Å" the comparative place of a household or person on a hierarchal societal construction, based on their entree to or command over wealth, prestigiousness and power † [ 50 ] . Different mensurable facets of SEP are normally used in research, such as educational degree, occupational position and income. Educational degree represents cognition, a ccomplishments, attitudes and values that can act upon health-related behaviour. Occupational position is an index of working conditions, power and wellness. Income is associated with material wellbeing and ability to devour goods and services, required for a healthy life [ 51 ] [ 52 ] . These different facets of SEP are known to be positively correlated [ 53 ] . A low SEP seems to be a hazard factor for anxiousness symptoms after gestation [ 54 ] , although other surveies found no important association between composite SEP and depressive symptoms during gestation [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] . In contrast, in a recent reappraisal, Lancaster et Al. presented that both a lower educational degree as a low income have a little association with depression during gestation, but non important in their multivariate analyses [ B ] . Unemployment was non even significantly associated with depression during gestation in bivariate analysis [ B ] .1.8 Life eventsHarmonizing to Grant et Al and Evans, the chronic psychological emphasis ensuing from a low SEP may be associated with a high exposure to life stressors [ hundred ] [ vitamin D ] . What is known about the association of major negative life events and anxiety/depression during gestation?1.9 Doel new wave dot onderzoekHypothesis Low socio-economic place is associated with anxiousness and depression during gestation and this association is modified by major negative life events.Hoofdstuk 2. Methoden2.1 StudiedesignThe P5D-study. The Prediction of anxiousness and Depression during Pregnancy and the Postnatal Period ; the function of Personality ( P5D ) -study is an experimental longitudinal survey in the Dutch primary obstetric attention. The survey aims to develop a hazard mark based on established hazard factors and personality traits, to foretell ante- and postpartum anxiousness and depression at the first consult at the accoucheuses pattern. The P5D-study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee ( Dutch: Medisch-Ethische Toetsingscommissie ( METc ) ) of the University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.2.2 Studiepopulatie en dataverzamelingData was collected at multiple assessment minutes: ( 1 ) at baseline: at the first or 2nd consult at the obstetrics pattern ( largely at the terminal of the first trimester ) ; ( 2 ) at 24 hebdomads of gestation ; ( 3 ) at 36 hebdomads of gestation ; ( 4 ) 6 hebdomads postpartum ; ( 5 ) 6 months postpartum ; ( 6 ) 1 twelvemonth postpartum. The present survey involves informations from the baseline appraisal of the P5D-cohort, which ran from April 2010 to January 2011, although the inclusion still continues. Sample choice concerned 35 obstetrics patterns in both rural and urban countries in the four Northern states of the Netherlands: Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe and Overijssel. All adult females subscribing up at these obstetrics patterns could come in the survey. The lone adult females who were excluded from engagement were adult females who had no command of the Dutch linguistic communication. The included adult females received an informational bundle about the survey. This bundle contained an information missive, an informed consent, the first questionnaires and a stamped self-addressed envelope. Midwifes handed the bundle to the adult female while explicating and stressing the relevancy of this survey. When adult females agreed to take part, they filled in the printed questionnaires, every bit good as the informed consent and their personal information ( e.g. name, reference, telephone figure and email reference ) at place and sent them to us in the stamped self-addressed envelope . When we received the printed questionnaire, accompanied by the informed consent and the personal information of the participant, we used the supplied electronic mail reference to direct the username and watchword to entree the online questionnaires. Participants were instructed to reach us in instance they had no entree to the cyberspace at any clip during the survey. In response to these state of affairss ( n=3, 0.4 % ) , we sent the extra questionnaires in print to their postal reference, once more accompanied by a stamped self-addressed envelope.2.3 VragenlijstenQuestionnaires in print. The undermentioned questionnaires were handed in print at the obstetrics patterns: General information, dwelling of the gestational age and the day of the month of make fulling in the questionnaire, which we used to cipher the maternal age and the gestational age at any minute ; The Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) [ 60 ] to measure the degree of anxiousness. We used the six-item short-form, because the full signifier would be inappropriate in the position of high figure of questionnaires. Furthermore, the six-item short-form of the STAI produces tonss similar to those obtained utilizing the full-form [ 60 ] . The participant had to bespeak how they felt at the minute of appraisal, giving one of the four replies ( non at all ( 1 ) , slightly ( 2 ) , reasonably so ( 3 ) , really ( 4 ) ) . The six statements are: I feel unagitated, I feel nervous, I feel disquieted ( dying ) , I am relaxed, I feel satisfied, I am disquieted. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of anxiousness is a†°?13 in this short-form [ 60 ] ; The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ( EPDS ) [ 61 ] to measure the degree of depressive symptoms. Although the EPDS is developed to measure after gestation, the questionnaire is besides dependable to measure depressive symptoms during gestation [ 62 ] . The 10 points are: I am able to express joy and see the amusing side of things, I look frontward with enjoyment to things, I blame myself unnecessarily when things go incorrect, I am dying or worried for no good ground, I feel frightened or panicked for no really good ground, Thingss are acquiring on top of me, I am so unhappy that I have had trouble sleeping, I feel sad or suffering, I am so unhappy that I have been shouting, The idea of harming myself occurred to me. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of depression is a†°?12 [ 61 ] ; An adjusted Negative Life Events Questionnaire ( NLEQ ) [ 65 ] , to buttockss major negative life events. We make a differentiation between different periods in life: in the period until the age of 16 ; between the age of 16 and until 2 old ages before gestation ; in the 2 old ages before gestation. The mentioned life events are: divorce ( of a parent, self or kid ) , new relationship, traveling, long-run and/or terrible unwellness ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, ego, kid or another of import individual ( e.g. friend, in-laws, a confidential adviser ) ) , decease ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid or another of import individual ) , terrible psychiatric jobs ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid, self or another of import individual ) , suicide effort ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid, self or another of import individual ) , household force, intoxicant or drugs abuse within the household or the relationship, being victim of a offense, being victim of a terrible accident, being vict im of sexual maltreatment, being victim of assault, holding an unwanted gestation ; Online questionnaire. The undermentioned questionnaire was administered online: Socio-economic place ( SEP, based on educational degree ( self and spouse ) , business ( self and spouse ) and one-year gross household income ) ) was assessed utilizing a questionnaire based on the Leidsche Rijn questionnaire ( Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht ) [ 68 ] .2.4 Statistische analyseAlthough P5D contains all above-named questionnaires, merely the STAI ( anxiousness ) , EPDS ( depression ) , SEP ( socio-economic place ) and the adjusted NLEQ ( major negative life events ) questionnaires were necessary to prove our present hypotheses. First, we calculated descriptive statistics for the STAI and EPDS tonss, every bit good as for the five indexs of SEP ( educational degree ( self and spouse ) , business ( self and spouse ) and one-year household income ) and major negative life events. Second, we assessed the correlativity between the STAI and EPDS tonss, †¦ We averaged the indexs of SEP after standardisation of educational degree ( both ego and spouse ) and one-year household income ( z-scores ) . The lowest 25 % , intermediate 50 % and highest 25 % of the tonss were considered to stand for severally low, intermediate and high SEP. The degree of significance was set at 0.05, reversible. Datas were analyzed utilizing PASW statistics 18.Hoofdstuk 3. ResultatenThe present survey involves informations from the baseline appraisal of the P5D-cohort, which ran from April 2010 to January 2011. A sum of 863 participants filled in a questionnaire, but 115 participants ( 13.3 % ) were excluded because they did non make full in the STAI short-form. Exclusion due to non-mastery of the Dutch linguistic communication was non registered.Descriptive statisticsAnxiety. All of the 748 included participants ( 100 % ) filled in the STAI short-form. From these 748 participants, 108 ( 14.4 % ) scored above the cut-off value ( STAI a†°?13 ) . A histogram with the frequences of the STAI tonss is presented in figure 1. The average STAI mark was 9.96 ( SD = 2.68 ) . Figure 1 Histogram with the frequences of the STAI tonss. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of anxiousness is STAI a†°?13: Depression. From the 748 included participants, 743 ( 99.5 % ) filled in the EPDS signifier. From these 743 participants, 31 ( 4.2 % ) scored above the cut-off value ( EPDS a†°?12 ) . A histogram with the frequences of the EPDS tonss is presented in figure 2. The average EPDS mark was 4.67 ( SD = 3.59 ) . Figure 2 Histogram with the frequences of the EPDS tonss. Cut-off value for an at least moderate degree of depression is EPDS a†°?12: Correlation between anxiousness and depression The correlativity between anxiousness and depression tonss was strong: R = 0.72, P & lt ; 0.01 ( Pearson ‘s trial, two-tailed significance ) . A spread secret plan is presented in figure 3. Figure 3 Scatter secret plan, stand foring the correlativity between the STAI and EPDS tonss: Socio-economic place. From the 748 included participants, 342 ( 45.7 % ) filled in all questionnaires about SEP. The descriptive statistics of the assessed indexs of SEP are presented in table 1 ( educational degree ) , table 2 ( occupational position ) and table 3 ( household income ) . Table 1 Descriptive statistics of educational degree: SelfN ( % )SpouseN ( % )Primary instruction ( basisschool, speciaal onderwijs ) 0 8 ( 1.9 ) Low-level secondary instruction ( LBO-opleiding ) 1 ( 0.2 ) 16 ( 3.8 ) Middle-level secondary instruction ( bijv. MAVO, VBO ) 17 ( 4.0 ) 27 ( 6.4 ) Vocational preparation ( MBO-opleiding ) 145 ( 33.9 ) 182 ( 43.3 ) High-level secondary instruction ( HAVO, VWO, Gymnasium ) 29 ( 6.8 ) 20 ( 4.8 ) Professional instruction ( HBO-opleiding ) 168 ( 39.3 ) 122 ( 29.0 ) University ( WO-opleiding ) 68 ( 15.9 ) 45 ( 10.7 ) Entire 428 420 Table 2 Descriptive statistics of occupational position: SelfN ( % )SpouseN ( % )Yes 384 ( 89.5 ) 412 ( 96.9 ) No 45 ( 10.5 ) 13 ( 3.1 ) Entire 429 425 Table 3 Descriptive statistics of household income ( gross, in euro ‘s per twelvemonth ) :N ( % )0 – 14,999 14 ( 4.0 ) 15,000 – 30,999 58 ( 16.4 ) 31,000 – 59,999 207 ( 58.5 ) 60,000 – 89,999 60 ( 19.9 ) 90.000 or more 15 ( 4.2 ) Entire 354 Correlation between different facets of socio-economic place. The correlativities between the five mensural facets of SEP are presented in table 4.Literatuurlijst1. Ormel J, Petukhova M, Chatterji S, et Al. 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