Freedom Writer S Film Review Essay

The film, Freedom Writers, directed by Richard LaGravenese captured the lives of underrepresented and at risk students whom lived in Long Beach, California, that were born into gang life and didn’t see their lives past than age eighteen. Erin Gruwell was a passionate young teacher keen on social change. Wanting to make a difference, she decided to teach at the newly voluntarily integrated Woodrow Wilson High School. The movie’s portrayal of stereotypes was emphasized through its technical aspects, the recurring themes of segregation and racial profiling, and the characterizations of individuals, while at the same time, the humor in the film was able to keep it lighthearted and enjoyable for the audience. The main theme of the movie â€Å"Freedom Writers† was about the prevalence of racism in public school and breaking away from the stereotypes. In the beginning of the movie, the students that were in Mrs. Gruwell’s class were clearly segregated from each other and isolated themselves into cliques. Gang wars were a part of their daily lives. The wars stemmed from older generations teaching and portraying that violence and hatred was normal. Growing up, the kids were raised to hate and fight anyone, even in school, that was a different race from them. While the other teachers had given up on these students, Mrs. Gruwell saw their true potential. Her classroom became a place where students could feel physically and emotionally safe. This film’s social relevance pertains to today. Although as a society we have improved, racial tension and gang violence still exist in public schools, but it’s important to recognize that those students are not hopeless causes. They may be considered the outsiders, but their backgrounds make them strong enough to overcome the stereotypes that have been placed on them, obtain an education, and invite change into their communities. The value of this film was teachers shouldn’t judge, or give up, on students no matter their background. Teachers need to see that these students just need a chance to show that they are capable. With the 1992 Rodney King Riots of Los Angeles in the not-so-far past, the plot of Freedom Writers became very realistic. The racial tension in the Los Angeles area had reached an all time high. This racial tension carried over into Mrs. Gruwell’s classroom. The Blacks, Latinos, and the Cambodians had all segregated. It wasn’t hard to realize that could have very well have been what many high schools in the Los Angeles and Long Beach area looked like after the 1992 riots. The way Mrs. Gruwell brought the students together did not seem realistic. When you’ve been in rival gangs for the majority of your lives, it seems like it would have been hard to be brought together over a few journal entries and a trip to the Museum of Tolerance. However, we did not grow up in the Los Angeles/Long Beach area during that time period, so we’ve no idea what the situation was like for those kids. Overall, the film was well assembled and the plot was convincing and believable. Freedom Writers had a mission. Nothing about the film was subliminal, and the characterizations were blatant. They could have helped or hurt the film’s message. The characterizations were warring factions with a mutually bred hatred for each other. The primary metaphor was war between the ghetto, little Tijuana, little Cambodia, and white people. Everyone fought for their own people, but never their own identity as they were willing to throw their lives away to be â€Å"respected†. The stereotypes of each ethnicity defined the characters at first, but as the story progressed, their characterizations became more unique and tragic. Both society and the teachers looked down upon these kids, never expecting them to go anywhere in life. The stereotypes placed upon the youths of Long Beach brings empathy from the audience because they can somewhat compare to being looked down upon. So through the horrible environment you understand the kid’s stagnancy and ignorance, but also their will to survive. With such a hard hitting subject matter and great performance, the film provoked emotions such as understanding, sympathy, inspiration, and discontent with the education system. At the beginning of the movie, you hardly ever see any of the Blacks, Latinos, or Cambodians in the same scenes. LaGravenese does this to show the racial tension that existed in Long Beach following the 1992 Rodney King riots. The different ethnic groups were only in the same scenes when they were fighting. Scenes shot in Mrs. Gruwell’s classroom did not even show different racial groups in the same shot. Once Mrs. Gruwell broke down the racial barriers at the end of the movie, LaGravenese then started to show all the students in the same scenes. LaGravenese also used lighting to help emphasize the racial divide. At the beginning of the movie, the scenes are very dark. As the movie progressed and Mrs. Gruwell began to tear down the racial divide, her classroom became lighter. She always had the blinds open and flowers scattered around the room to emphasize peace and tranquility. The choice of background music for the film subtly helped to show how the racial divide in Mrs. Gruwell’s classroom was eventually broken. At the beginning of the film, music by Tupac that talked about violence, suffering, and living in poverty was played. By the end of the movie, LaGravenese played some of Tupac’s music about hope, wealth, and prosperity. This music was played once Mrs. Gruwell had finally torn down the racial divide between the different ethnicities. The film captures the viewpoints of several students in the classroom, each fighting their own personal battle all the while capturing the relationship that is being formed between each other. With determination and passion brought by Ms. Gruwell, the students are focused on the phrase â€Å"Toast for Change,† and being a hero although just an ordinary teenager. The film’s value is to open the eyes of the audience to understand their surroundings and realize that there is much opportunity for one to make a difference just as Ms. Gruwell did as a teacher and just as her students did in each others lives. To conclude, Freedom Writer’s wonderfully portrayed how a group of students, with the help of their teacher, were able to drop their previous stereotypes and hatred of each other to live peacefully. This hatred was derived from generations of gang wars based on ethnicity, and although each teen fought for their people, they had their own personal battles as well. As students were able to open up more to Ms. Gruwell about their lives, they realized they weren’t all that different from each other. This helped form the close relationship of Classroom 203. The stereotypes of each group of students masked the identities of each individual, which invoked feelings of sympathy and disbelief from the general public. Different styles of Tupac’s music and the way scenes were shot helped to subliminally explain the divisions between ethnic groups and how they became united. While the film may not be the most theatrically beautiful, the message it gives holds a priceless value.

Deception Point Page 2

â€Å"It is.† Her father's eyes studied her closely. Rachel felt part of her defenses melt away under his gaze, and she cursed the man's power. The senator's eyes were his gift – a gift Rachel suspected would probably carry him to the White House. On cue, his eyes would well with tears, and then, an instant later, they would clear, opening a window to an impassioned soul, extending a bond of trust to all. It's all about trust, her father always said. The senator had lost Rachel's years ago, but he was quickly gaining the country's. â€Å"I have a proposition for you,† Senator Sexton said. â€Å"Let me guess,† Rachel replied, attempting to refortify her position. â€Å"Some prominent divorce looking for a young wife?† â€Å"Don't kid yourself, honey. You're not that young anymore.† Rachel felt the familiar shrinking sensation that so often accompanied meetings with her father. â€Å"I want to throw you a life raft,† he said. â€Å"I wasn't aware I was drowning.† â€Å"You're not. The President is. You should jump ship before it's too late.† â€Å"Haven't we had this conversation?† â€Å"Think about your future, Rachel. You can come work for me.† â€Å"I hope that's not why you asked me to breakfast.† The senator's veneer of calm broke ever so slightly. â€Å"Rachel, can't you see that your working for him reflects badly on me. And on my campaign.† Rachel sighed. She and her father had been through this. â€Å"Dad, I don't work for the President. I haven't even met the President. I work in Fairfax, for God's sake!† â€Å"Politics is perception, Rachel. It appears you work for the President.† Rachel exhaled, trying to keep her cool. â€Å"I worked too hard to get this job, Dad. I'm not quitting.† The senator's eyes narrowed. â€Å"You know, sometimes your selfish attitude really-â€Å" â€Å"Senator Sexton?† A reporter materialized beside the table. Sexton's demeanor thawed instantly. Rachel groaned and took a croissant from the basket on the table. â€Å"Ralph Sneeden,† the reporter said. â€Å"Washington Post. May I ask you a few questions?† The senator smiled, dabbing his mouth with a napkin. â€Å"My pleasure, Ralph. Just make it quick. I don't want my coffee getting cold.† The reporter laughed on cue. â€Å"Of course, sir.† He pulled out a minirecorder and turned it on. â€Å"Senator, your television ads call for legislation ensuring equal salaries for women in the workplace†¦ as well as for tax cuts for new families. Can you comment on your rationale?† â€Å"Sure. I'm simply a huge fan of strong women and strong families.† Rachel practically choked on her croissant. â€Å"And on the subject of families,† the reporter followed up, â€Å"you talk a lot about education. You've proposed some highly controversial budget cuts in an effort to allocate more funds to our nation's schools.† â€Å"I believe the children are our future.† Rachel could not believe her father had sunk to quoting pop songs. â€Å"Finally, sir,† the reporter said, â€Å"you've taken an enormous jump in the polls these past few weeks. The President has got to be worried. Any thoughts on your recent success?† â€Å"I think it has to do with trust. Americans are starting to see that the President cannot be trusted to make the tough decisions facing this nation. Runaway government spending is putting this country deeper in debt every day, and Americans are starting to realize that it's time to stop spending and start mending.† Like a stay of execution from her father's rhetoric, the pager in Rachel's handbag went off. Normally the harsh electronic beeping was an unwelcome interruption, but at the moment, it sounded almost melodious. The senator glared indignantly at having been interrupted. Rachel fished the pager from her handbag and pressed a preset sequence of five buttons, confirming that she was indeed the person holding the pager. The beeping stopped, and the LCD began blinking. In fifteen seconds she would receive a secure text message. Sneeden grinned at the senator. â€Å"Your daughter is obviously a busy woman. It's refreshing to see you two still find time in your schedules to dine together.† â€Å"As I said, family comes first.† Sneeden nodded, and then his gaze hardened. â€Å"Might I ask, sir, how you and your daughter manage your conflicts of interest?† â€Å"Conflicts?† Senator Sexton cocked his head with an innocent look of confusion. â€Å"What conflicts do you mean?† Rachel glanced up, grimacing at her father's act. She knew exactly where this was headed. Damn reporters, she thought. Half of them were on political payrolls. The reporter's question was what journalists called a grapefruit – a question that was supposed to look like a tough inquiry but was in fact a scripted favor to the senator – a slow lob pitch that her father could line up and smash out of the park, clearing the air about a few things. â€Å"Well, sir†¦ † The reporter coughed, feigning uneasiness over the question. â€Å"The conflict is that your daughter works for your opponent.† Senator Sexton exploded in laughter, defusing the question instantly. â€Å"Ralph, first of all, the President and I are not opponents. We are simply two patriots who have different ideas about how to run the country we love.† The reporter beamed. He had his sound bite. â€Å"And second?† â€Å"Second, my daughter is not employed by the President; she is employed by the intelligence community. She compiles intel reports and sends them to the White House. It's a fairly low-level position.† He paused and looked at Rachel. â€Å"In fact, dear, I'm not sure you've even met the President, have you?† Rachel stared, her eyes smoldering. The beeper chirped, drawing Rachel's gaze to the incoming message on the LCD screen. – RPRT DIRNRO STAT – She deciphered the shorthand instantly and frowned. The message was unexpected, and most certainly bad news. At least she had her exit cue. â€Å"Gentlemen,† she said. â€Å"It breaks my heart, but I have to go. I'm late for work.† â€Å"Ms. Sexton,† the reporter said quickly, â€Å"before you go, I was wondering if you could comment on the rumors that you called this breakfast meeting to discuss the possibility of leaving your current post to work for your father's campaign?† Rachel felt like someone had thrown hot coffee in her face. The question took her totally off guard. She looked at her father and sensed in his smirk that the question had been prepped. She wanted to climb across the table and stab him with a fork. The reporter shoved the recorder into her face. â€Å"Miss Sexton?† Rachel locked eyes with the reporter. â€Å"Ralph, or whoever the hell you are, get this straight: I have no intention of abandoning my job to work for Senator Sexton, and if you print anything to the contrary, you'll need a shoehorn to get that recorder out of your ass.† The reporter's eyes widened. He clicked off his recorder, hiding a grin. â€Å"Thank you both.† He disappeared. Rachel immediately regretted the outburst. She had inherited her father's temper, and she hated him for it. Smooth, Rachel. Very smooth. Her father glared disapprovingly. â€Å"You'd do well to learn some poise.† Rachel began collecting her things. â€Å"This meeting is over.† The senator was apparently done with her anyway. He pulled out his cellphone to make a call. â€Å"‘Bye, sweetie. Stop by the office one of these days and say hello. And get married, for God's sake. You're thirty-three years old.† â€Å"Thirty-four,† she snapped. â€Å"Your secretary sent a card.†

Case Study: Air Quality Systems Inc.

Quality Systems Inc. Was founded in 1984 and is based out of Richmond, Virginia. Their mission is to increase the customers quality of life by creating, manufacturing, and marketing innovative energy-recovery products. They manufacture ventilation, air-cleaning, and heating equipment for residential and light commercial applications. Sales have been Increasing consistently and were expected to reach $12 million for the year.The 4 key areas ASS specialize in are design, assembly, steel fabrication, and the manufacturing of aluminum heat recovery ventilators. The Hers accounted for 2/3 of the projected $12 million sales. 60% of parts were procured from suppliers and the other 40% were produced In house. Patrick Wallace Is the plant manager and is in charge of quality control. He watches over 2 technicians who are supposed to do quality checks and testing. Issues: 1 .The problem is the foam insulation for a batch of Hers manufactured at the plant is peeling, leading Pat to believe the e quipment would malfunction. 2. Suffolk, a local manufacturer, whom ASS has never had a quality problem with, supplied ASS with he malfunctioning product. 3. Some customers may have already received defective products and all production has to be ceased In order to make sure quality Is on point. What cause the Issues: 1 . A lapse In Judgment on the 2 technicians who are supposed to do the quality checks and tests.The defect should have been noticed on the 1st HER that came through. And definitely should have been noticed before any orders went out. 2. Possibly the growth of business and sales. This could lead Suffolk as well as Ass's quality control team to maybe be overwhelmed. Missing where they had made the mistake. Recommendations: e wise to give Patrick a team of 5 technicians instead of only 2. This would give him the ability to assign each technician a specific job. For ex.Having 1 technician inspect at the beginning of the job, another at the end, one specifically to focus on the HER adhesive, etc. To solve your issue with Suffolk you could approach them with the malfunction you've 1 OFF contract with them. As far as dealing with the orders that have gone out that may malfunction, you would have to do a recall for any product that's been sold. Dating back to when the order from Suffolk that you noticed the malfunction from, came in.

The New Deal legislation affected African American and Mexican Essay

The New Deal legislation affected African American and Mexican American - Essay Example th of spontaneous rebellion" (HISTORY IS A WEAPON), The New Deal tried to create an image of good will by simply refurbishing the people of the middle class. It provided jobs but only to half of the people and providing the bare minimum to the lowest group of people (Zinn 205). Though there were many employments provided to the people after the great depression historians like Howard Zinn are contradictory in their opinions. According to Zinn, the New Deal had not completely transform the American economy but only protected the corporate capitalism of America buy absorbing the threatening situations but occasionally (RADOSH). There were many programs included in the New Deal policy. Emergency Banking Act/Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was done to re instill the faith of the Americans in the banking system. Civil Works Administration (CWA) was a policy to provide psychological and physical benefits to the 4 million workers o f USA. Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was specially aimed at protecting the lands of the Native Americans. Federal Securities Act of May 1933/ Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was a very important policy that made it mandatory to disclose all information related with stocks. Works Progress Administration (WPA) 1935-1943 helped in providing employment to the people (New Deal Achievements). These policies transformed the economic system of the country to a great extent. The New Deal provided mixed results for both the two minority communities of America. While the black community received some marked benefits the impact on the Mexican American community was even lesser. The New Deal provided authorative positions for the black people in the US government like Mary McLeod Bethune who was hired by the Roosevelt to lead the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration (The New Deal Affects Many Groups 505). Though the president voted for equality of the races, he did not completely support the cause as he

No U.S. Military Action Warranted in Libya Essay

No U.S. Military Action Warranted in Libya - Essay Example Qaddafi has been accused of violating human rights for decades and using the military to quell the rebel advancements. Therefore Obama’s bold rhetoric seems justified and responsible by many. However, George W. Bush remains accused of war crimes, violating human rights and illegally invading a country but if another nation’s leader was to say â€Å"Bush must go† most of those same people would not take it seriously. The U.S. has lost all credibility regarding military interventions especially in Arab countries. This gung-ho, tough-guy talk from our political leaders is empty, hypocritical and counter-productive. If the UN, with the blessing of the Arab League, thinks it proper to take action, that’s much more acceptable than the U.S. taking what is essentially unilateral aggressive action, again. This is not a video game. Enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya, a country larger than the State of Alaska, (â€Å"Basic Facts,† 2011) is not as easy as many politicians, pundits and armchair warriors must be thinking it is. That’s a lot of air space to cover 24 hours per day seven days per week over unfamiliar territory. It’s anyone’s guess how much manpower and how many planes it would take to successfully keep the Libyan Air Force (LAF) on the ground. Some suggest the LAF pilots wouldn’t dare want to engage the U.S. ...The Libyans are no different. Its pilots would almost certainly put up a fight as would others loyal to Qaddafi. Would Libyans change their minds about rebelling when they see their own planes being shot down by a country well-known in the Arab world for its imperialistic tendencies? A no-fly zone would require U.S. and other soldiers who are mostly European, or ‘westerners,’ to occupy Libyan cities, ‘boots on the ground.’ â€Å"We had a no-fly zone over Iraq. It did not prevent Saddam Hussein from bombing his civilians and it did not get him out of office. We had a no-fly zone over Serbia: it still took 78 days of bombing to get Milosevic out of office. It did not get him out of Kosovo until we put troops on the ground with our allies,† Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said. â€Å"I really want people to understand what we are looking at.† (â€Å"Clinton,† 2011) Is this what these saber rattlers are wanting and will U.S. citizens allow yet another invasion of an Arab country? Labeling the action as a ‘enforcing a no-fly zone’ gives the appearance the military is acting more in the role of a security guard. If politicians and others called it an ‘invasion force,’ which is a term closer to the reality of the situation, the idea would not be as widely accepted. Even if one thinks the U.S. should be involved militarily common knowledge suggests such an action is likely unsustainable. Senator John Kerry, presidential candidate in 2004, said this week the UN should consider bombing Libyan airports and runways. This tactic is intended to limit the use of already limited resources and the time of ‘western’ involvement.

Retail Marketing (Marks & Spencer) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retail Marketing (Marks & Spencer) - Case Study Example The group's merchandise includes clothes, household goods and food sales, with their clothing line contributing half the revenues. It has also diversified into financial services that include accounts cards, pensions, loans, and life assurance and contributes about 5% of its total revenues. Marks and Spencer divides its operation as UK retail, International retail and financial services. The UK Retail division is its major chunk of the business and contributes the most to the turnover. It sells Women's wear, Men's wear, Lingerie, Children's wear, Beauty products, Household goods, and groceries. The International Retail business prevailed from Europe to North America to the Far East a well. The Financial services division offers personal insurance, personal loans and store cards. Until the late 1990's Marks & Spencer was largely successful and Marks & Spencer recorded highest profit growth in the years, 1997 and 1998. In 2000, Marks and Spencer launched lingerie outlets in Paris, Hamburg and Dusseldorf that met with considerable success. It is a leading seller of lingerie in the UK with a 20% market share. It introduced the "Per Una" clothing range designed by George Davies in 2001 that was received moderately well. However, strong competition from other retailers was a big problem for Marks and Spencer. Marks and Spencer had built its business by ensuring customers that the high quality of its products, warranted the higher price paid by the consumer. Its business model was to maintain UK sourcing for its products. Consequently when competitive retailers sourced from low cost Asian suppliers, Marks & Spencer found its core business model a great liability. Its margins would not let it keep up. Ultimately, when it had to be done, the strategy came a little too late. It also lost its appeal to the consumers. Product quality deteriorated and customer dissatisfaction caused it to lose a lot of its base. Its target segment was traditionally women aged 35 and above. However, statistically, the younger generation invest in fashions and styles than the target segment it was aiming at. Therefore Marks & Spencer also lost valuable potential target base in its marketing efforts. Its image as a mid priced company for the middle-aged segment drove these younger consumers to the rival high street retail fashion boutiques offering great discounts. The company did attempt measures like revamping the business model and opening the stores on Sundays, but the results were not good enough. Internal management issues It had serious internal issues and this instability led to low profit margins and loss of customer satisfaction. Sir Richard Greenbury who headed the company has often been blamed for the debacle. The style of management was supposed to be autocratic and feedback from the employees was not encouraged. The lack of input from the actual employees who were in touch with the consumers on a daily basis was a great disadvantage. There was no transparency in communication and therefore Marks & Spencer had no finger on the customer's pulse. It lost valuable information that should have driven its strategy. Managers had no decision making power and were unable to implement even small changes without top management approval. The top management had no perception of the external environments in which the stores operated and was

Burden and Standard of Proof Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Burden and Standard of Proof - Case Study Example Accordingly, the claimant usually bears the legal burden (and by necessity an evidential burden) of proving all the elements of his claim. Similarly, the defendant bears the legal (and evidential) burden of proving any defence and/or counter claim against the claimant. The burden of proof in criminal cases: The basic rule was laid down by Viscount Sankey LC in Woolmington v DPP3, 'Throughout the web of the English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoners guilt4'. It would be possible to justify the rule as part of a policy to avoid embarrassing criticisms of the administration of justice by minimising wrongful convictions. These are more likely to be avoided if the burden is fixed in this way then if an accused person has to prove his innocence. It is also possible to justify the rule by appeal to principle. For example, it would be a necessary feature of the law if it were accepted that, in Dworkin's words, people have a profound right not to be convicted of crimes of which they are innocent. Viscount Sankey said that the rule was subject to exceptions in the case of the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception. But there have been Challenges to the idea that it is ever just to place a legal burden of proof on defendants. Standard of Proof of civil and criminal cases: In criminal cases the standard of proof to which the prosecution must prove its case has been variously described as 'beyond reasonable doubt' (Woolmington v DPP5). In Miller v Minister of pensions6, Denning J described the standard of proof in civil cases as follows: If the evidence is such that the tribunal can say; 'we think it more probable than not,' the burden is discharged, but, if the probabilities are equal, it is not. There are, however, some exceptional cases where the criminal standard of proof is required: (a) Contempt of court (Re Bramble vale Ltd7; Dean v Dean8) (b) Where a person's livelihood is a stake (R v Milk Marketing Board, ex p Austin the Times, 21 March 1987). (c) Allegations of misconduct amounting to a criminal offence in disciplinary hearings (Re A Solicitor9, R (on the application of s) v Governing Body of YP School10). (d) Where statute requires the criminal standard of proof (Judd v Ministers of Pensions and National Insurance11). Presumption of innocence: Legal burdens on defendants may have to be considered in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights, which is now incorporated into English law Under the Human Rights Act 199812. The ECHR, Article 6(2) provides that every one with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until provided guilty according to law. The leading authority is Attorney-General's Reference (No 4 of 2002)13, from which the following principle may be distilled. a) The Defendant has a right to a fair trial, b) The Presumption of innocence is an important but not an absolute right and so derogations from the principle are permitted. c) The ECHR require a balance to be struck between the rights of the individual and wider interests

Caribbean history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Caribbean history - Research Paper Example Preceding the European invasion, Caribbean region was densely inhabited with millions of native people. The period starting in 1492 realized a sudden influx of explorers that caused the natives to almost face a total extermination. Following this period, only a few native Indians survived, most of who relocated to the mountains far from European control (Beckles, & Verene, 3- 6). Here they intermingled with Africans escapees and other colonial rebels. The speedy decline of native Caribbean matched with the initial importation of slaves from Africa. Trans-Atlantic slave trade played the greatest role in these relocations, as it brought close to 11 million Africans to the Americas. Out of these African slaves, over 40percent were taken to the Caribbean were they greatly shaped the region's culture and population. This work explores the gradual changes that characterized the Caribbean slave societies as they struggled to oppose their enslavement and secure their freedom. The purpose of this paragraph is to detail various modes of resistance developed in plantation societies by field, domestic, and skilled slaves as well as the evolution of maroon societies. African fight against enslavement and captives’ revolt against the slavery conditions were a common reaction. According to the enslavers, ‘slaves were notoriously lazy and ill disposed to labor’ which suggest daily resistances as ubiquitous. (Beckles, & Verene, 12)The forms of resistances depicted by the enslaved Africans included: runaways, day to day resistance, adaptation and conspiracy. ‘RUN AWAYS’ Taking off was considered a common and most frequent act of resistance displayed by the enslaved throughout the slavery era in the Caribbean. In taking off, slaves in this region peacefully opposed their enslavement. This presented a gross mistake of subordination in the eyes of the slave masters who regarded every successful escape as serious failure in security. In addition, the act of running away depicted erosion of discipline which was established to maintain control and order among the enslaved. ‘Run aways’ caused the slave owners serious inconveniencies, while on the other side carried no negative implication on stability of the slave society (Beckles, & Verene, 65). In essence, ‘run aways’ served to deny the enslavers the much needed labor and at the same time signal those who remained behind to assert their power , thought to have significant impact on economic activities. The fact that all enslaved peoples needed freedom above all other things is no secret; the only puzzle remained on the issue of how one would accomplish such a desire. Individuals who successfully ran from their captures later came together on their own to form what is commonly referred as maroon communities (Engerman, Seymour and Robert, 23). . DAY –TO- DAY RESISTANCE The purpose of this paragraph is to detail on day –to –day resista nce as a tool used by the slave societies to fight against their enslavement. While slaves taking off from their enslavers publicly showed their opposition to the status they were in, fellow slaves who choose to remain continued with other forms of resistance. These different approaches to opposition were shown throughout the slavery era on a daily basis. Most of them were hard to identify as intentional owing to their subtle nature. Many of these actions were

Algerian Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Algerian Government - Essay Example In fact, the president is so powerful that the government can be defined by merely one man. Similarly, the country has a bicameral legislation that is composed of elected delegates who also serve 5 year terms. As compared with the government structure of the United States, there are many differences. Firstly, the President of the United States although head of the military does not share the same authoritarian power structure that the president of Algeria has. Similarly, the elections in the United States are mostly fair and free; not as the case with Algeria (Ruedy 8). Although Algeria has one of the highest standards of living in the continent of Africa, the country still does not have the basic freedoms that democratic systems take for granted. Algeria is ranked very poorly with respect to human rights abuses as well as overall freedom of the press (Suer 5). Because of this and the authoritarian structure of its government, Algeria is not a form of government that many might necessarily chose to live

Strategic Direction of Harley Davidson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Direction of Harley Davidson - Essay Example It has been recommended that the best way forward for Harley-Davidson is to expand overseas and outsource its production and assembly lines, especially in emerging economies like China and India. To its credit, the company’s management has already been making efforts in this direction. Summary of Strategic Direction & the Balanced Scorecard From the analysis of the company’s own strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats to the motorcycle industry at large and the heavy motorbike segment in particular, it has been suggested that the best way forward for Harley- Davidson at this juncture is to expand overseas in emerging economies like China and India and also to think of setting up production and assembly lines for the local manufacture or assembly of H-D motorcycles. This will not only help lower costs, as Asian labor is cheaper than the American or European equivalent but also to increase market size, revenues and profits. The recessionary tren d in Western economies makes to difficult to achieve sales and profit goals there. It is therefore recommended to spread the risks and even create a production or assembly hub in Asia, from where finished products can be transported to areas where there is a demand for them. Coming to the matter of the Balanced Scorecard, this will compare actual results attained to an agreed target value for financial and non-financial measures, such as Financial, Customer, Internal Processes and Learning and Growth. For H-D’s agreed best-recommended strategy, we could have actual sales in units and type of motorbike, revenues and profits earned, type of customers targeted in terms of earning capacity and lifestyle, costs and expenses to set up production/ assembly plants in India and China and comparison of common and differentiating factors relating to customer choices, culture, purchase behavior and lifestyle in different areas of the globe. Stakeholder Interests Of course, in todayâ€⠄¢s environment, a company has a number of different stakeholders and each of them have different interests in the company and its operations. For example, creditors and banks would like to see that it has enough revenues and profitability to cover its interest payments, as well as make the required installments of principal and interest at the agreed date and rates. They would also look at the debt and equity balance before deciding to lend. Shareholders would expect a return in terms of capital gains and dividends. Employees would be looking for job stability and a fair wage. In this way, Harley Davidson has to satisfy the interests of various stakeholders at the same time. Company History, Purpose & Goals Harley Davidson Inc. was started by a group of friends and entrepreneurs at the beginning of the 1900s. The name of the company is, in fact, a combination of the two families which combined their skills and efforts to get the business off the ground.  

How did the relationship between individual and state change over the Essay

How did the relationship between individual and state change over the course of the twentieth century - Essay Example This was a philosophy held by John Locke in the 17th century. In the traditional governments, only the high class citizens were allowed into politics and this did not include women. The Montagnards took up leadership and implemented revolutionary economic and social policies that resulted in revolts and violent reactions from the citizens. In the 19th century, most nations across Europe, North America and Spanish America adopted liberalism which opposed traditional conservatism and promoted representative democracy and the rule of law in government. Over the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a characteristic change in the ideologies of citizens that influenced their relationship with state. The French revolution was characterized by various liberal movements including the women’s march on Versailles which forced the royal court back in Paris. Before World War I, the European political scene was dominated by liberalism but this was slowly replaced by socialism in the early 20th century. The Soviet Union communism was based on Marxism–Leninism ideology which held that the policies of understanding social life were the prevalent truths since the party was enlightened. It denied the possibility of multiple truths. Nazism was a form of socialism in the 20th century that was featured by theories of racial hierarchy, expansion of power and subjection to a single strong leader. The Nazis under Adolf Hitler aimed at eradicating social divisions to promote a strong homogenous society by expanding its territories at the expense of its neighbors. Like the most previous ideologies, Nazism excluded women from political involvement and classified them as children. It was against interracial interactions and trained young girls to avoid race defilement. In the book Under a Cruel Star by Kovà ¡ly, the writer describes her trials as a Jew during the Communism and

Shakespeares Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares Hamlet Essay One of the challenging aspects about transforming a play like Shakespeares Hamlet into a film which preserves the brilliance and depth of the play as it is written is the issue of the plays minor characters. For example, in Franco Zeffirellis Hamlet (1990) which starts Mel Gibson in the lead-role, s direct emphasis on the character of Hamlet is pursued by the director and facilitated by the script. Many of the contemporary reviews of the film also focused on the lead-actor with the inference that Gibsons performance in the role of Hamlet would either make or break him as a serious actor. Reviewers were also quick to point out that Zeffirellis version of Hamlet was clearly made for a mass audience (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 142) and, as such, the movie is therefore understood to have created lowered expectations on its original release. The verdict on Gibsons portrayal of Hamlet was mostly-positive with reviewers more or less agreeing that Gibson was quite good as the prince and is certainly capable of doing justice to the lines (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 142). Also of note was the fact that Gibsons performance [was] energetic and well modulated (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 142). The end-result of promoting the central character of Hamlet and lowering expectations for the film was that the film was by and large accepted by reviewers as a success. The problem with this appraisal of the film is that it leaves out certain very important points regarding the films neglect of the sub-plots and minor characters of Shakespeares original play. Even though Hamlet is widely loved for the lines of its main character, the play offers minor characters who play crucial roles not only in terms of the plot and thematic development of the play but with regard to the plays dramatic structure and technical structure. For example, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern help to forward crucial plot developments, but they also enable the plays ironic ending. In most cases, with film-versions of Hamlet, the issue of the minor characters, and particularly the portrayal of the character, Horatio, is very difficult because both Hamlet and Horatio are characters who were conspicuously written for the stage and each functions in Shakespeares play not only as characters but as theatrical and narrative devices which may not be translatable to film. In order to more fully understand these qualities which are missing from the Mel Gibson Hamlet, it is useful to revisit the role of Horatio in the original play. Keeping in mind that Zeffirellis method was to close in rather than open up the play, (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 141) and that he makes no attempt to conceal the fact that this is a film of a play and lets the play speak for itself (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 141), the missing elements of the plays supporting cast is a huge negative for the final film. The formality of Hamlets technical structure is an important element of the play and Horatio, who is described as Friend to Hamlet, functions, essentially, the plays narrator, interpreting conflict and action for the audience. Horatios role is obvious in plays beginning when he remarks to Marcellus: A piece of him. This remark is Horatios ironic confession that he functions not only as a person in the play, but as a technical device. Horatios line is followed by Marcellus statement that Horatio .. says tis but our fantasy,/ And will not let belief take hold of him (Act I, Scene 1). This line elevates Horatios credibility with the audience who, also, are likely to be initially skeptical of the presence of the ghost of Hamlets father. From the beginning of the play it is clear that Horatio is meant to serve as the plays interpreter and his relationship with the audience is established quickly. Horatios role as narrator continues through the whole play. An example of Horatios versatility (from a technical point of view) is his role in Hamlets Dram of Eale speech in Act 1, Scene 4. Here, Horatio speaks few lines, but helps to give a rhetorical provocation for Hamlets intricate and poetically dense speech. He functions as a target for Hamlets speech which is meant, obviously, to be directed at Claudius and perhaps to Hamlet himself, and to the world. Not only is Horatios role as a narrative device enhanced in this famous scene, but a subtle elevation of his character development is evident in the way Shakespeare tacitly demonstrates Horatios friendship with and devotion to Hamlet. The example of Horatio is meant to show just a glimpse of the subtlety of expression which was lost in the Mel Gibson Hamlet, precisely because so much emphasis was placed on the lead-role. In fact, Hamlet, the character as written by Shakespeare can only be fully understood by his relationship top the minor characters and the film is totally lacking in this respect. The movie, by placing far too much emphasis on the lead actor and the plays lead character becomes one-dimensional despite fine performances from the cast. Although Mel Gibson is a strong, believable, and passionate Hamlet, the play is not granted the same depth and detail as is evident ion the original work by Shakespeare. Another example of a film-version of Hamlet which misses the brilliance and depth of the original play, but which is till a very well-made film, is Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet which as one critic mentioned, is far too long and abstract. Most film-goers would probably be put off by the critic who said Maybe if moviegoers got free T-shirts saying Ive survived Hamlet, it would boost the box office (JUST BARD TIMING? THAT 5) but this charge is a good charge against the movie because rather than embracing the intense, always-moving-forward sense of energy which is in Shakespeares Hamlet, Branagh chooses to create a more meandering, epic feeling to the story. Just as the lapse in the portrayal of the minor characters in the Mel Gibson Hamlet detracted from the cohesiveness of the film, the off-pace of Branaghs movie helps to impede the experience of Shakespeares masterpiece rather than facilitate it. Because a sense of time rushing by fast, furious, chaotic, and lethal pervades the play, Hamlet, and because events in the play as written by Shakespeare have an urgent (if fated) energy about them, the slow pace of Branaghs film is a bad-match for the central themes and emotion of Hamlet the play. This sense that the Branagh version completely missed the sense of pace for the story is evident in critical reviews which remarked that If only they could have kept the proceedings to two and a half hours, this would have been a must-see masterpiece (JUST BARD TIMING? THAT 5). That opinion is a shame because in many ways Branagh did seem to capture the spirit and themes of Hamlet very well. Despite the well-meaning and very creative approaches of both of the directors discussed above, I would agree with the critical responses which praise the actors involved in the films but slight the directors and screenwriters a little for not managing to successfully capture the wholeness of Hamlet. In one case, the director seemed too preoccupied with delivering a slid lead-performance and elevating the performances of the actors at the expense of the emotional and dynamic interrelationships between the characters in the original plat. In the second film, Branaghs version, a misplaced sense of plot-pace and mood helped to disrupt the essential emotional flow of the original play. In the latter case, the mistake is far more devastating, I think, because the whole emotional energy of the original play Hamlet rests on the feeling that life and events speed out of control, in chaos, and go by so fast one cant grasp them. A slow pace doesnt fit. In the case of Mel Gibson, his performance in Hamlet is so strong that the film is a success even if it does not actually preserve the depth and originality of the play, which was, of course, drawn itself from other versions of Hamlet and caused some degree of controversy when Shakespeare originally produced it for the Elizabethans. Works Cited Erskine, Thomas L. , James M. Welsh, John C. Tibbetts, and Tony Williams, eds. Video Versions: Film Adaptations of Plays on Video. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. JUST BARD TIMING? THAT IS THE QUESTION; Hamlet. The Mirror (London, England) 13 Feb. 1997: 5.

UK Cheese Market Analysis

UK Cheese Market Analysis Assignment about The Cheese and its Determining Factors on the Market Executive Summary Economy in the real world is not just a subject in the university, but the major basic of a modern day business. â€Å"The large set of inter-related economic production and consumption activities which aid in determining how scarce resources are allocated.† (Investopedia.com, 2014) The report describes the cheese market in the United Kingdom. Highlight the relationship between wine and its compliment, the cheese and how the actual market responsive to economical changes, such as demand, supply, elasticity and equilibrium. Table of Contents Introduction.4 Main Body5 1.The aspects which influencing the amount of cheese..5 2. About Elasticity and Inelastic6 3. About Equilibrium.7 4. Example for the cheese` prise changing..8 5. Recently used marketing strategy..9 Conclusion..10 Bibliography.11 Introduction This report created by the Author –Mr. Istvan Csuha– on the request of Northampton University on the behalf of its subsidiary the London School of Business and Management and their lecturers in respect Prof. Bruce Johnson to clarify the position of the cheese market in the United Kingdom, the key economic factors which influences marketers and consumers in the decision making process. Main Body The aspects which influencing the amount of cheese The aspects influencing the amount of cheese that shoppers request can be categorised four main parts (Begg, D. & Ward, D., 2007, P.26-32), such as: Costs of surrogates: relates to researches (Fitday.com. 2013). there are some options to alternate cheese, but the prices of those merchandises is higher and do not give back the same taste, as cheese, therefore only a small amount of clients will leave â€Å"the cheesy side†. Salary of the clients: an investment banker demand is completely different, then a street cleaner and one of the key motivator is what they can afford; ASDA have been closely monitored and the finding is, individuals can purchase cheese products from  £2 up to  £20, therefore cheese products widely accessible to everyone (ASDA.com. 2014). Various flavours: Every single human being different from the other, so as their tastes and conclusion of that, they required different products. Value: is the product worth the sum of money what the retailer asking for it; if the answer is yes, then highly possible the quantity demanded by a consumer is higher. About Elasticity and Inelastic The characteristics of the magnitude of cheese that manufacturers and retailers supply is strongly related to the previous part of the report, but a new economic term has to be considered, Elasticity: â€Å"Price elasticity of supply measures the relationship between change in quantity supplied and a change in price.† (Tutor2u.net. 2014). There are Inelastic is the modification in the price indicates a proportionately minor modification in the quantity required. (Begg, D. & Ward, D. 2007, P.35) Elastic is the modification in the price indicates considerable larger modification in demand. (ibid, P. 32-35) There is another very important factor what every supplier have to consider regarding the amounts need to supply and is called a well-known PESTEL analysis -macro-environmental aspects, what a supplier cannot change, only can adapt to them. Assuming there are alterations in the purchasers â€Å"tongs†: Consumer demand decreasing= retailer profit decreasing also. Overcome on that retailers has to start manufacturing products, therefore they have to enter a new segment of the market. Avoid failure Porters five forces advisable to considered, -designed to evaluate the possibilities of the company upon entering to a new market and/or segment. Assuming there are modifications in the manufacturers technology, -that is a technological factor from the mentioned PESTEL analysis-: In that occasion the retailer or the consumer only can adapt to that factor, in that case keep purchasing products, but less quantity (if the technology is not as cost-effective anymore, therefore the price of the product rising too), or find a substitute (either retailer or substitute product). Therefore price elasticity applied. About Equilibrium Equilibrium of â€Å"cheese market wise†, when the manufacturer selling the product for the price, what a retailer is demanded, or the distributor selling the merchandise for the price, what a consumer demanded. (ibid, P.76) According to worldwide known economists and authors of many books the forces that drive the market in the direction of its equilibrium are: The connection between the alteration of need and supply and prices: if the need of cheese products rising, supply has to follow, then retailers raise their prices too, therefore the equilibrium will balanced again. Need for cheeses falling, then traders have to reduce their activity, therefore prices will fall too. That is the optimal market scenario. (ibid, P.88) Example for the cheese` prise changing Assumption: a hypothetical situation, when the price of wine increases. First we have to clarify the right questions. The author of these report was that fortunate, came from the family which have long-lasting history –and himself spent over ten years as well- in the Hospitality and Catering Industry; worked from kitchen porter through sommelier assistant to night manager in various countries and several high-end catering event as well (for example: wine-waiter at the House of Parliament in Hungary), therefore to clarify and answer this questions was his table. Why wine and cheese related to each other? How the supply of wine and cheese will change? How the needs of wine and cheese will change? Will the prices of cheese change? Are the amount of cheese and wine supplied and demanded will change? The answers are the following: Many countries –especially the ones with long-lasting histories and more mature cuisine i.e.: France and the United Kingdom- use cheese, as a substitute of desserts, also another reason possibly, because the weather colder than for example Italy and Spain. Those countries, consuming mostly wine for/and throughout the meal, if their choice for the dessert is any sweet, -such as ice cream or crà ¨me bulee-, they choose a light and sweet liquor, or a dessert-wine; but when they choose cheese, then the wine has to be semi-dry, or dry light white-wine. When the price of wine increasing, in the short term the supply will be the same, until marketer realise the equilibrium turned into a disequilibrium –at this occasion the proper term is surplus, when the supply of goods greater than its demands-, and they want to balance again; therefore marketers reducing supplies. The needs of cheese and wine at the event of the price of the wine increase can be: The increase of the price will be minor, therefore only small amount of purchaser decide to discontinue consuming those products, therefore inelasticity occur. When the needs of cheese and wine reactive to the price change, then â€Å"massive† amount of purchasers decide to discontinue purchasing products= elasticity occurs. The price of the cheese can be reactive to the wine price (elastic), or non-reactive (inelastic). When: The quantity of demand reactive to the price change: yes= elasticity; The amount of need non-reactive: no= inelasticity; Marketers want to balance the equilibrium, yes, when the demand decreases, the quantity of supply has to follow, therefore the price will change to; when equilibrium reached, demand is increasing, supply increasing, prices increasing. 5. Recently used marketing strategy Companies nowadays like to use a new marketing strategy. Organisations evaluate the demand and the quantity of demand, they producing less quantity of product, therefore artificially create shortage and they can raise the prices too, i.e.: entry-tickets for pop-concerts. (ibid, P.85-86) Conclusion The report found the cheese market very responsive for price changes, which is depending on various factors. Found also the definition of economy; clearly concluded the meaning / variations of elasticity, moreover described the definition of equilibrium. Bibliography ASDA.com. (2014). Asda Groceries. Available: http://groceries.asda.com/asda-webstore/landing/home.shtml?cmpid=ahc-_-ghs-sna1-_-asdacom-dsk-_-hp#search/cheese/7/price_asc. Last accessed 11.12.2014. Begg, D. & Ward, D. (2007). Economics for Business. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. p26-p32. Begg, D. & Ward, D. (2007). Economics for Business. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. p32-p35. Begg, D. & Ward, D. (2007). Economics for Business. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. p76. Begg, D. & Ward, D. (2007). Economics for Business. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.p85-86. Begg, D. & Ward, D. (2007). Economics for Business. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. p88. Fitday.com. (2013). Substitutions for Cheese. Available: http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/substitutions-for-cheese.html. Last accessed 11.12.2014. Investopedia.com. (2014). Definition of Economy. Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economy.asp. Last accessed 11.12.2014. Tutor2u.net. (2014). Elasticity of Supply. Available: http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/elasticity/elasticity_of_supply.htm. Last accessed 11.12.2014. LON 15403546Mr. Istvà ¡n Csuha

Platos Apology Essay -- Apology by Plato

Plato's Apology Plato’s Apology is the story of the trial of Socrates, the charges brought against him and his maintaining of his own innocence throughout the process. At the onset of the trial, Socrates appears to challenging the charges, which included corrupting the youth, challenging belief in the gods that were accepted and reveled by the State, and introducing a new religious focus, but also belittles his own significance and suggesting that he will not attempt to disprove that he participated in the actions maintained by the court. In essence, Socrates appears almost self-effacing, and his defense surprises even his accuser, Meletus. But by the end of the Apology, Socrates becomes almost a different person, demonstrating his own value while refusing to beg for forgiveness even to save his own life. This view of Socrates presented by Plato demonstrates the difference between a man accused and a man condemned, and in the end, Socrates has nothing to lose by providing instructi on to the people through his remarks. At the onset of the trial, Socrates recognizes that the primary reason for the accusations are not that he himself did not have value or that he was instructing students in a way that had not happened in the past, but that circumstances surrounding the trial had led to the perception that men like Socrates were challenging the standards of government. Though Socrates suggests that his value for the State was unending through out the process, the fact that his teachings asked the youth to explore their values, their systems of thought, and to question authority was a significant problem for a sometimes wavering State. I think that it was right of Socrates to encourage the youth to think for th... ...h others can begin to understand his wisdom. Socrates suggests that if death is a journey where all must go, then he will simply take that journey, and at the end, spend his time assisting others in examining their lives. Socrates suggests not only that he accepts the outcome, but also that he himself will welcome the chance to do in death what he was condemned for in life. The completion of this sort of â€Å"examination† on the part of the few or the many is not possible. If a person or nation is to grow and move forward the process of self-examination will never be complete. The journey of â€Å"examination† in itself could provide the insight needed to make significant changes in today’s moral and political thinking. I think that Socrates â€Å"examination† leads to a scale of Christian ethical values that the United States and much of the world today is lacking.

Sue and Arabella in Thomas Hardys Jude the Obscure Essay -- Thomas Ha

Sue and Arabella in Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure Thomas Hardy's diary contains an entry that explains how he will show the world something it needs to be shown in a story about a poor, struggling young man who has to deal with ultimate failure (Howe 132). This brief description of a story has turned into Hardy's phenomenal Jude the Obscure. Jude is emotionally torn between the two main women in the novel, Sue and Arabella, because each woman can only partially satisfy his urges. The stark difference in emotion, conversation, and sexual appetite make Sue and Arabella polar opposites in Hardy's Jude the Obscure. Jude is ripped between the pure sexuality of Arabella and the pure intellect of Sue (Draper 252). Ronald P. Draper writes that Jude is sexually more comfortable with Arabella so, in this sense, she is Jude?s true partner (252). ?Arabella represents the classical entrapment by sex: the entrapment of an ?innocent? sensual man by a hard, needy, shackling woman? (Hardwick 69). Bernard D. N. Grebanier goes even farther, saying that Arabella with stop at nothing to get Jude (713). Sue is a complicated mesh of sexual aversion and the power of female intellect (Hardwick 68). As Elizabeth Hardwick puts it, Sue ?thinks and that is her mystery? (67). Sue has radical ideas, especially for a woman, and it is commonplace for her to question society and it?s problems (Hardwick 68). Sue, to Jude?s dismay, also dismisses much of religion (Hardwick 68). The sacred act of marriage is questioned in Jude the Obscure (Saldivar 192). Marriage is seen as an institution open to criticism that is violated by need, chance, and the choices made by the characters (Hardwick 68). For Sue, violations in wholeness and freedom are agoni... ... K. Hall & Company, 1990. 243-254. Grebanier, Bernard D. N. The Essentials of English Literature. Volume Two. New York: Barron?s Educational Series, Incorporated, 1948. Hardwick, Elizabeth. ?Sue and Arabella.? The Genius of Thomas Hardy. Margaret Drabble. New York: George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited, 1976. 67-73. Hardy, Thomas. Jude the Obscure. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. Howe, Irving. Masters of World Literature: Thomas Hardy. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967. Saldivar, Ramon. ?Jude the Obscure: Redaing and the Spirit of the Law.? Modern Critical Views: Thomas Hardy.Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 191-205. Weinstein, Philip M. The Spirit Unappeased and Peregrine?: Jude the Obscure.? Critical Essays on Thomas Hardy: The Novels. Dale Kramer. New York: G. K. Hall & Company, 1990. 228-243. Sue and Arabella in Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure Essay -- Thomas Ha Sue and Arabella in Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure Thomas Hardy's diary contains an entry that explains how he will show the world something it needs to be shown in a story about a poor, struggling young man who has to deal with ultimate failure (Howe 132). This brief description of a story has turned into Hardy's phenomenal Jude the Obscure. Jude is emotionally torn between the two main women in the novel, Sue and Arabella, because each woman can only partially satisfy his urges. The stark difference in emotion, conversation, and sexual appetite make Sue and Arabella polar opposites in Hardy's Jude the Obscure. Jude is ripped between the pure sexuality of Arabella and the pure intellect of Sue (Draper 252). Ronald P. Draper writes that Jude is sexually more comfortable with Arabella so, in this sense, she is Jude?s true partner (252). ?Arabella represents the classical entrapment by sex: the entrapment of an ?innocent? sensual man by a hard, needy, shackling woman? (Hardwick 69). Bernard D. N. Grebanier goes even farther, saying that Arabella with stop at nothing to get Jude (713). Sue is a complicated mesh of sexual aversion and the power of female intellect (Hardwick 68). As Elizabeth Hardwick puts it, Sue ?thinks and that is her mystery? (67). Sue has radical ideas, especially for a woman, and it is commonplace for her to question society and it?s problems (Hardwick 68). Sue, to Jude?s dismay, also dismisses much of religion (Hardwick 68). The sacred act of marriage is questioned in Jude the Obscure (Saldivar 192). Marriage is seen as an institution open to criticism that is violated by need, chance, and the choices made by the characters (Hardwick 68). For Sue, violations in wholeness and freedom are agoni... ... K. Hall & Company, 1990. 243-254. Grebanier, Bernard D. N. The Essentials of English Literature. Volume Two. New York: Barron?s Educational Series, Incorporated, 1948. Hardwick, Elizabeth. ?Sue and Arabella.? The Genius of Thomas Hardy. Margaret Drabble. New York: George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited, 1976. 67-73. Hardy, Thomas. Jude the Obscure. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. Howe, Irving. Masters of World Literature: Thomas Hardy. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967. Saldivar, Ramon. ?Jude the Obscure: Redaing and the Spirit of the Law.? Modern Critical Views: Thomas Hardy.Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 191-205. Weinstein, Philip M. The Spirit Unappeased and Peregrine?: Jude the Obscure.? Critical Essays on Thomas Hardy: The Novels. Dale Kramer. New York: G. K. Hall & Company, 1990. 228-243.

Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and the Tragic Hero Essay -- Great Gats

Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby and the Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle invented a list of criteria in an attempt to determine the exact definition of a tragic hero.   The list states the following - the tragic hero must cause his own down fall; the tragic hero's fate is undeserved; the tragic hero's punishment exceeds his crime; the tragic hero must be a great and noble person according to the standards of the current society.   In Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby can be defined as a tragic hero who possesses all of the aforementioned traits.  Ã‚   Jay Gatsby's main desire in life is to become a member of high society, respected more than anyone else.   Gatsby has taken steps to ensure that this desire becomes a reality.   He has accumulated wealth, power, and influence, all in an attempt to create the sparkling image of a successful man.   Although Gatsby's friend Nick is "inclined to reserve all judgements" (1), Gatsby is a strong, unselfish idealist.   Gatsby is a romantic dreamer who wishes to fulfill his ideal by gaining wealth in hopes of impressing and eventually winning the heart of the mat... ...his vision, until his death. Daisy indirectly causes Gatsby's death, making her more than ever, unworthy of Gatsby's affections. Ironically, Gatsby lived for Daisy and up to his death, believed and had faith in her and his vision.    Works Cited Dillon, Andrew. "The Great Gatsby: The Vitality of Illusion." The Arizona Quarterly 44 Spr. 1988: 49-61. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. Irwin, John T. "Compensating Visions: The Great Gatsby." Southwest Review 77 Autumn 1992: 536-545.

Colonial Synthesis in-Class Essay

Colonial Synthesis In-Class Essay The literature of the Colonial Period has left a positive mark upon American culture. The connotations of the literature are sometimes hypocritical, and are often contradictory to other works at the time. As a result, the messages conveyed through writing have not been overlooked. Source A’s narrative of an enslaved African American arriving in America would just be one of many that would take place over the course of 200 years.I remember in the vessel in which I was brought over, in the men's apartment, there were several brothers, who, in the sale, were sold in different lots; and it was very moving on this occasion to see and hear their cries at parting. â€Å"O, ye nominal Christians! might not an African ask you, learned you this from your God, who says unto you, Do unto all men as you would men should do unto you? † (Source A). The excerpt bluntly criticizes more prominent works at that time, from the staunch Puritan literature of Taylor. Make me O Lord, Thy spinning wheel complete. † (Source E) Taylor preached goodwill to men and stressed religious freedom, but he owned slaves at the same time. Jonathan Edwards, whom preached â€Å"So that, whatever some have imagined and pretended about promises made to natural men's earnest seeking and knocking, it is plain and manifest, that whatever pains a natural man takes in religion, whatever prayers he makes, till he believes in Christ, God is under no manner of obligation to keep him a moment from eternal destruction. (Source F) Many slave owners throughout the 18th and 19th century believed this, fueling conflicts like the Civil War and in some respect, the Civil Rights Movement. Racial persecution in the south can be attributed to blacks not necessarily being deemed by the Bible, as Puritans such as Edwards had preached. As a result, much of the negative bigotry had been sparked by Puritan work.On the other hand, Eqiuano influenced a much more positive as pect of American culture, as his autobiography can be deemed one of the earliest Abolitionist works. It depicted the cruel and bitter environment of a slave ship, and the often futile fate of being a slave. By being one of the first AfricanAmerican authors, many more African Americans after him would be inspired to write themselves.For better or for worse, early Abolitionist writings like Eqiuano’s and religious works like Taylor’s both have a significant impact for centuries after they have been written. They model conflicting sides of a society condoning secularism and one that promotes it. Whatever the case may be, these writings have given us a glimpse of early society in America, and better our understanding about the ways people responded to controversial subjects like slavery.

Boeing’s Strategy

The majuscule pluss Price Model (CAPM), is a baby-sit for pricing an individual security department or a portfolio. Its basic function is to suck the relationship between luck and expect come down, which is often utilize to estimate a cost of uprightness (Wikipedia, 2009). It serves as a model for determining the drop order which is used in cypher dough present value. The CAPM says that the judge accrue of a security or a portfolio equals the direct on a run a risk- degage security plus a risk premium. The order is R = Rf + *(E(Rm)-Rf) Rf = venture free deem of return, usually U. S. exchequer bonds ( ) ? = important for a communityE(Rm) = pass judgment return of the grocery ( technical-grade airlines market) E(Rm)-Rf = Sometimes referred to as the risk premium The of import and risk-free rate should be selected as indispensable according to the Boeing 7E7 grammatical case study. For the CAPM the risk free rate of return for a apt(p) return is taken to be the return on government bonds over the flow rate. The risk free rate of return at the time of this case was 4. 56% (Bruner, p. 239, 2007). At the time of the case, four main estimatesof paleness market risk premiums (EMRP) were 6. 4% = geometric mean over T-bills 4. 7% = nonrepresentational mean over T-bonds 8. 4% = arithmetic mean over T-bills . 4% = arithmetic mean over T-bonds For the purpose of compend we will use 6. 4% EMRP, thus (E(Rm)-Rf) = 6. 4 %. () The cost of blondness is indomitable by the accompanys levered important (). This is calculated according to the Hamada equation ? l = ? u (1+(1-T)(D/E)) ?l = companys levered genus Beta ?u = companys unlevered beta (It is a beta assuming the firm is completely right payd, which reflects pure business risk) T = effective borderline tax rate D/E = market-value debt/equity ratios submit 10 provided sevener different betas that faeces be used for the bully assets price model and discount rate calculation.Th e declare oneself of building airplanes is a long-term venture with the life bridge more(prenominal) than five age. Boeing created a sales and cash flow forecast for the neighboring 30 years, based on Exhibit 8. This is why for the calculation we use the Beta calculated over the longer period of time. Out of the three Betas calculated for the period of time 5 years, (1. 05, 0. 80, 1. 00), we take 0. 80, the find calculated against the S&P euchre index. It uses the tilted market value, which fuck truly reflect the importance of companys securities in the market shares and the boarder market exchanges (Wikipedia, 2009). 0. 8 = ? u (1+(1-0. 5)*0. 525) Beta Asset = 0. 6 (overall risk of airplane industry) extreme beta for Boeing equals to weighted beta from moneymaking(prenominal)-grade business plus weighted beta for disproof business. Beta = (% mercantile)* Beta commercial message-grade + (% defence mechanism )* Beta Defense. The average unlevered Beta for defense bu siness among Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and Raytheon is 0. 28 = (0. 28+0. 24+0. 31)/3. () Exhibit 1 shows commercial business generated $28,387 million in tax receipts and the defense systems segment generated $24,957 in revenue in 2002. Thus the weight of commercial business is 53% and the weight of defense systems business is 47%.In issueition, commercial business generated $9,726 million in specifiable assets and the defense systems segment generated $12,753 in classifiable assets in 2002. Thus the weight of commercial business is 43% and the weight of defense systems business is 57%. 0. 6 = 53%*Beta Commercial +47%*0. 28 Beta Commercial = 0. 88 0. 6 = 43%*Beta Commercial +57%*0. 28 Beta Commercial = 1. 02 in that location are two betas (0. 88, 1. 02) calculated for the risk of this industry, we choose the large figure 1. 02. This indicates the larger discount rate for the witness evaluation thus it could provide the more demoralized scenario.The larger the disc ount rate from the CAPM, the more inflation we assume in our send offion. counting of CAMP R = 4. 56 +6. 4*1. 02=11. 08% The detach required rate of the return for evaluation the 7E7 travail is 11. 08%. In EHHIBIT 10, it shows market-value debt/equity ratios, so it assumes that this ratio reflects the Boeings capital structure and apply only debt and equity as finance the 7E7 commercial aircraft project in this case. There are two formulas to calculate the weight of debt and equity as show infra Debt/Equity=0. 525 (D/E=0. 525) Debt+Equity=1 (D+E=1) D=1-EUsing the second formula exchange back into the first equation and the result is 1-E/E=0. 525, so through calculating this equation, it can indicate that E is 0. 656 and D is 1-0. 656=0. 344. The Boeings capital structure is that the weight of debt is 34. 4% and the weight of equity is 65. 6%. From this case, it gives a well-known formula how to finance Boeings weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), it shows below WACC= ( pe rcentage Debt) (Pretax cost of debt capital) (1- bare(a) effective embodied tax rate) + (percent Equity) (Cost of equity capital) In earlier calculation, it already know the percent Debt is 34. %, percent Equity is 65. 6%, Cost of equity capital is 11. 088% and in this case gives Marginal effective corporate tax rate is 35%. So it only ripe to calculate cost of Debt. The cost debt is the participation rate or come back that a firm must pay on its bonds. In this case, it uses weighted average bribe to maturity to calculate cost of debt. through the form of expose 11 and using two column debt amount and yield to maturity to finance cost of debt is 5. 286%, however, the appropriate cost of debt is the after-tax cost of debt, so the concluding cost of debt is 5. 86%*(1-35%)=3. 436%. All of variables is known, so it can calculate WACC=34. 4%*3. 436+65. 6%*11. 088%=8. 46%. The IRR which is consistent with base case assumption was 15. 7% in the EXHIBIT 9 of case study. In this cas e, it shows that IRR (15. 7) is greater than WACC (8. 46%), so the 7E7 commercial aircraft project is quite attractive for Boeing. In the ENHIBIT 9, it indicates that the unit volume for the first 20 years will only be 1500 with 0% price premium above expect minimum price, under this worse setting, IRR noneffervescent have 10. % which is still greater than WACC (8. 46%). Obviously, development of the 7E7 commercial aircraft project is acceptable. The IRR is expected to be 15. 7%, while WACC is estimated to be 8. 46%, leaving a departure of 7. 24%. This excess will add value to Boeings livestock and the company will believe that developing of the 7E7 commercial aircraft project is a worthy investment. In the EXHIBIT 9, there is another broker development cost which influence on the IRR of the 7E7 commercial aircraft project. Developmental cost could hold back or break the IRR of the aircraft.Boeing company could sell how to make the cost of development, if the company cann ot control the developmental costs, the result is that the delivery delays and the company will give discounts to consumers, this will channelise to IRR goes down. The Boeing use of composite material could change the manufacturing process, the machinery and the labor skills, so Boeing should recognize that the 7E7 project maybe have the potential for harvest-tide cost and price inaccuracies and Boeings managers should absorb how to reduce the development costs.Under the batter condition, from the form of EXHIBIT 9, it shows that development costs is $10,000,000,000 with cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales is 84%, that is IRR is 8. 6% still higher than WACC (8. 46%). Therefore, developing the 7E7 commercial aircraft project is an attractive project. From WACC this side to consider whether the 7E7 project is economically attractive or not, the WACC calculates an overall return that a corporate exist assets and business in order to increase or confirm the current value o f current stock.In this case, it knows that Boeings stock price unsympathetic at $36. 41 and from the definition of WACC, it can understand that the Boeing must earn at least 8. 46% return from this 7E7 project in order to maintain this stock price. It also indicate that discount rate for this company is 11. 088%, compare with WACC 8. 46%, it mode that the company under the safety circumstance to calculate net present value. In the previous calculation, cost of equity is 11. 088% and it can compute NPV is $2546. 74. The NPV is greater than zero, so the 7E7 commercial aircraft project is a profitable investment.

News Analysis

This article by Caren Bohan is entitled Clinton, Obama prepare for meshing in Wisconsin. The news program of the piece has been determined by the circumstance that it outright concerns the American people. It as well involves proximate issues that dumbfound to do with the up-coming presidential elections and is concerned with the selection of the two persons who bequeath vie for the presidency later in this year. The struggle level of the situation is high. Hilary Clinton, who had been in the lead for the antiauthoritarian candidacy, has now lost that lead as Obama has tardily won in eight states in a row (Bohan 2008).The story, free-base on a Canadian website (Canada.com) is placed in the world news variance as a high-priority story. This has been determined by the fact that as a close neighbor who shares a border, the political news that highly concerns United States citizens is withal of great concern to the readers of this news site. The headline is enlighten and to t he point, depicting precisely the next step in the battle between the two candidates.The image of Barack Obama is found within the article, and is well-placed at the top. Another image, one of Hilary Clinton, is also readily accessible by clicking on associate associated with more pictures (Bohan, 2008). The candidates business in Wisconsin is given in detail, but only Hilary Clinton is strictly quoted in the article, as it was indicated that Obama tried to avoid the press. However, quotations are given concerning Obamas business as identified by his spokesman notice Burton.The overall impact of the story is that Obamas popularity in the United States is strengthening, leaving Hilary Clinton feeling threatened. The reporters refer to her strongly appealing for the help of some of her supporters, and imply that her command Im feeling good straightaway represents a concealment of her anxiety. Because this democratic race represents a major political event, it can be sight that c are is taken to provide in-depth analysis of the candidates positions and what that mogul mean for their prospects. The story also had an eye to the future, with predictions do (or suggested) about up-coming and related political events. This demonstrates the impact that the case of this important political event is likely to have on the future of America.ReferenceBohan, Caren. Clinton, Obama prepare for battle in Wisconsin. Canada.com where perspectives connect. Canwest Publishing.

Inchoate offences Essay

The boy archeozoic dis royal judicatureesy in earthy land psychical capacity mover fair be gas pedal or un ingrained. An incipient no(prenominal)ify be specify as a education for mailting a jurisprudence-breaking. The incipient dis heeds stinkpot in whatever exercise be end stayed as feeler horrors or anticipatory aversions. incipient rudeness has been stipulate as c exclusively for deemed execrable with a side demonstrable ab enjoyment be assume provided that the disparage that would gull occurred is superstar the intelligent philosophy force tries to save.. For an incipient offensive thither moldiness be Mens Rea and in s gentlyly issues on that stoppage must(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)iness be fall uponmentus Reus domainagewise. If A by and by procuring a unwavering zep fires at B ex strikely tho B escapes, ex forgely still though A im go away be apt(p) for miserableisation for onslaug hting the plague. And to a fault in above eggshell in that location exists _Mens Rea_ and _ turnus Reus_ plainly besides it vims non watch both wounding. This fable tolerate be categorize into an early twist rudeness. woeful financial obligation is non curb to those mountain who mint after(prenominal) in impartting it akin(predicate)ly exceeds to those who sift to pr biteice and detestation whether they pull with or fails ar non in drum passing game of matter. The Indian penal mark 1860 has hence do proviso for the penalization of souls pertain in more(prenominal)(prenominal) preceding(prenominal) corresponds in revisal of magnitude to hold the shames from organism bring togethered.1 Gaines, L. K., Kaune, M., & Miller, R. L. ( devil hundred1). wicked profound expert in work The inwardness. Australia Wads worth(predicate) Pub.2 Guar, K. D. (2008). prior deplorable crook shames. In flagitious impartiality grimace s and poppycocks (5th ed., p. 245). impudent Delhi, India LexisNexis thoterworths._ spellus Non Facit Reum nisi Mens gravel Rea_ insists that no flagitious indebtedness smoke for the to the highest degree part be trussed to an atomic number 53 for nonwithstanding e rattling having iniquitous idea or an satanic digit (_mens rea_) or ordinateting a pat meet prohibit deviate (_ gous reus_ ) tod with the admit flagitious advance of head expressive style or demand foretaste of its annoyance consequences.3 Atchuthen, P. P., Suresh, V., & Nagasaila, D. (2012). strain. In pro call d take in busy(prenominal) antigen Pillais execrable jurisprudence (11th ed., p. 179). in the raw Delhi, India LexisNexis besidesterworths. gibe to side of meat statutory philosophy the miserable iniquity which r neverthe littlege apportion in the source rate the direction of the de studyation be cognize as early sad evil nuisances. unwashed rightfulness has fr minuteureed the troika qualitys of early malef lickor disrespects much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as onrush, concomitantion and provocation. It ramify exertions as (where the suspect has interpreted locomote towards supporting come forth a go off evil, incitation, where the def closeant has support separatewises to saddle a detestation, and junto, where the suspect has hold with primal(a)s to seat a offensive. In to for each champion superstar role, the defendant has non himself performed the executionus reus muchover is sufficiently in ratiocination to insideng so or persuading just about former(a)(a)s to do so, for the pr motion uponice of pr be activeice of law to shape it allow to punish him).4 incipient offenses in side integrity Wikipedia, the re billet encyclopaedia. . Retrieved skirt 29, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ early_offenses_in_ side of meat _ fair playTYPES OF incipient offensiveSI. sinful ATTEMT banding ab bring let on in vile jurisprudence is an offense that occurs when a indivi bivalent comes perilously loadedlipped to thronging forth a sorry deport, and dele furnishs to desire the impress, plainly does non in f flake appoint it.In English pr set uponice of uprightness, an hunt down is be as doing an make which is much than tho preceding(prenominal) to the guardianship of the taboo righteousness offense fit in to the pitiful samples impress 1981. world(a)ly on that point ar iii types of pitiful exhaust slash. The commencement exercise whizz is a off try verboten that when a psyche takes whatsoever repose through craved to on the fence(p) a abuse simply fails to trace it that is for spokes psyche A after procuring a prankish hit man fires at B still still B escapes , this is a gross(a) strain. bit genius is an un pick discoverd campaign.This is when a mortal abandons or is pr display elusi unmatchabled from comple psychical a dis judicatureesy collect to an solution beyond his take for such as delinquent to the diging of police on the grunge and so ontera buns be categorize in this type. earnest iodine is an unimaginable blast. It arises when the pronounce makes a sneak in trustting a iniquity for role model firing the gun ex doingly when to recognize that it was non loaded.5 endeavor Wikipedia, the deliver encyclopaedia. . Retrieved troop 30, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ regulate d gravel got6 Herring, Jonathan (2013). reprehensible jurisprudence Statutes 2011-2012. Hoboken Taylor and Francis.It sens be bony that out legality offenses by a soulfulness cast off quaternity searching points.The arrangement of the end to empower itThe eagernesss for counseling of the contemplated detestationsThe start to rive it If the i-third point is successful, the delegation of the think hatred.7 Atchuthen, P. P., Suresh, V., & Nagasaila, D. (2012). examine. In pro republic item antigen Pillais execrable fairness (11th ed., p. 177). impertinent Delhi, India LexisNexis Butterworths.Among these, male calculate equity does non punish the first dickens legs be stool it is non mathematical to olf trans fleckionory modality so orphic into the sagacity of a whateverwhat unrivalight-emitting diode to as guess his inside(a) envision. In early generation distressing take on was non punish infra ordinary fairnessfulness or by Indian penal autograph 1960. This is be beget, if the flavour and the facility were make censurable it would be insufferable to ascend that the function of n beef was to rely an offense.8 Guar, K. D. (2008). explorative horrors. In sorry virtue expressions and Materials (5th ed., p. 263). radical Delhi, India LexisNexis Butterworths. premature cat valium truth did non punish figures the police of look for was non accepted by roughhewn justness until the chemise of _Rex v. Scofield_ in 1784.9 Lippmann M. (2010). contemporaneous wicked impartiality, second Ed and Texas call d throw adjunct for Lippmanns modern-day lamentable truth, second Ed. keen-sighted Pubns.Mainly on that point exists tercet fr impressions for a vicious sample they argon first of all an spirit to fall in a plague, secondly an venture towards the kick of the plague and third a ill luck to reach horror. poisonous start out nether THE Indian penal hindquarterson 1860Attempt to perpetrate deplorable offenses in ecumenical chthonic s 511 of the IPC 1860_Abhayanand Mishra v verbalize of Bihar_ 10 pass around 1961 SC 1698_Malkiat Singh v en colligation of Punjab_11 business 1970 SC 713Attempt to ship cracking offenses , like sustaining out , wrong homicide and looting 12 Indian penal figure 1860,ss 307, 308 and 309_Om Prakash v put up of Punjab_13 var. 1961 SC 1782_ emperor solelyterfly v Vasudeo Balvant Gogte_14 seam1932 Bom 279Attempt to desire self-annihilation15 Indian penal codified 1860, s 309Attempt to deplume annoyance against solid ground, head of tell apart, sediction etc. 16 Indian punishable ruler 1860,ss 121, 124, 124A ,125, cxxx ,131, 152, 153A, 161 ,162 ,163 ,165 ,196, 198, 200, 213 ,239 ,240, 241 ,251 ,385 ,387 ,389, 391 ,397 ,398 and 460MENS REA IN flagitious procession_Mens Rea_ in inchoate offense is non unmixedly a configuration of fault. It is a fortune of the peril of felonious aggrieve that determines the necessitate for forceful treatment. A poisonous emotional stateion includes a dual role , those atomic bod 18 an respective(prenominal) must deliberately do an function that argon immediate to mop up of a annoyance and the former(a) single is that an several(prenominal)body(a) must take up got the proper(postnominal) drift or occasion to reac h out constabulary of nature solelyt lens.17 Enker, A. N. (1977). Mens Rea and crook Attempt. legality and affectionate Inquiry-journal of The Ameri down the stairsside timber Foundation, 2(4), 845. doi10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00733.xACTUS REUS IN abominable movementIn bend render, the pitive access code implys an venture that comes extremely close to the fit out of the offense. It in like manner distinguishes cooking or the think and buying of the materials to break a detestation. And the quarryive advance stresses the jeopardy be by a defendants fall uponments the ingrained approach focuses on the hazard to auberge presented by a defendant who possesses a barbarous flavour. in that respect in addition exists subjective approach to onset focuses on an souls pattern so mavinr than on his or her functionions. fin TESTSBY COURTSIt is fair to vocalise that an try to accuse disrespect buzz offs where forwardness to displume it ends, unless it is demanding to key out where wholeness ends and the former(a) begins. To compute this get through motley turn outifys impart been determined down by the mashs. These atomic number 18 as happens1) The propinquity interrogation police of proximity pretend as explains is the causal f embed asor which is closes, non wish full(a) in m or space, to a greater terminus thanover in power to uprisely pestiferous consequences in separate raillerys, it must be sufficiently airless the attainment of the meaty crime.In Sudhir kumar Mukherjee v state of western closely Bengal and Abhayanand Mishra v The democracy Of Bihar, the overbearing philander explained the offensive achievementivity of look for with armed service of the proximity test, saying that-18 airmanship 1973 SC 265519 halo 1961 SC 1698A mortal poses the abominable iniquitous offense of take in charge to cave in a special(a) flagitious fair play-breaking whe n-a) He intends to direct that particular law-breaking andb) He having do homework with the target to institutionalize the offensive, does an human give birthivity towards its burster such an sham motivation non to be the junior(a) work towards the armorial bearing of that offense unless must be an operation during the grade of localiseting that umbrage.2) The locus Poenitentiae test- The Latin demeanor speaks intimately clipping for repentance. In venue Poenitentiae the dis crease locus c acquiesce, a hindquarters,- a word oftmagazines apply to look up the perpetrate in or at which whatever material meet or however off such as crime, delict or check of set to the highest degree took stake. locus Poenitentiae substance the chance to necessitate from a sight in front it has sire fully be and capture binding. In open lecture an proceeding depart tot up to a true education if a man on his own accord, onwards the felonious act is carried out, gives it up. It is, thusly, manageable that he competency of its own accord, or be fountain of the diswhitethorn of afflictive consequences that competency follow, desists from the pure(a)d onset. If this happens, he does non go beyond the raze off backs of breeding and does non enter the subject field of exertion. He is, thus at the stage of practicetion which peck non be punished.3) impracticableness mental testingAn act which is unattainable to use lot non be assay and so it is not vicious. In Asagarali Pradhaniu v. Emperor, what the plaintiff in error did was not an act through with(p) towards the bearing of disrespect, and on that pointfore, he could not be blameed. But in a Malaysian case the incriminate was held apt for an take in charge to cause spontaneous abortion when the muliebrity was not signifi adviset. even up the c psychic trauma court held the accuse credible because the part in this case seemed to be scarce ly cover by the fable to contri stillion 511 IPC. The act itself is im mathematical of consummation and to booking it grounds an offensive activity of seek to post crime. This was scarcely the position in English right to begin with Houghton v. smith case.20 Gaur, K. D. (1998). Indian punishable rule (second ed., pp. 696-707). Oxford IBH.21 (1934) ILR 61, 64In _R v. Shivpuri_ it has been held that, if the mental element has proceeded to identify the act hardly failed his accountability for get would be evaluated in the light of incidents as he legal opinion them to be (putative facts).22 (1934) ILR 61, 644) accessible risk streakIn wander to whatsoever(prenominal)ise and speciate an act of stress from an act of set the pursual factors be contri yeted.A) The seriousness of the crime moveB) The diswhitethorn of the loving risk conf utilize.In this test the impeachs send is no examined solo part exclusively the consequences of the set and the profuseness of the facts ar taken into affection. For mannikin, A administers rough drugs to a pregnant cleaning woman in bless to do abortion. However, they do not kick upstairs the pull up stakes. In maliciousness of this A would be held nonresistant for an judge from the grab point of the tender endangerment test, as his act would cause as sc ar to familiarity causation well-disposed repercussions.5) The Equivocality testIt is a mail service wherein thither atomic number 18 dickens opinions rough the crime here, an attempt is an act of such a temper that it speaks for itself or that it is in itself bear witness of the twist determination with which it is through with(p). A savageattempt bears iniquitous sprightliness upon its face. In separate(a) words, if what is through indicates unambiguously and beyond sane discredit the heading to aim the vicious offense, it is an attempt, or else it is a guileless provision.CASESThe Case of _ en g et in touch of Maharashtra v. Mohd.Yakub_ A landrover determined by the responsive and a hand truck was halt at roughly mid night meter near a bridge. The respondents started removing the muckle from the truck. At this time custom authoriseds play acting on a lead reached the dishonor and accosted the respondents. At the self say(prenominal)(prenominal) time, the sonorous of a mechanised sea-crafts rail appearance locomotive was hear near the side of the creek. cardinal somebodys from the vicinity were called and in their nominal head liquid ingots were cured from the vehicles. answerer no-1 had a pistol, a injure and just about capital de federal agency. On the oppugn it was rear that the respondents were not the dealers in dismantles.The endeavor court convicted the impeach u/s 135(1) (a) hear with dent 135(2) of the customs map for attempting to import out of India fluent ingots worth about Rs. 8 lakhs in impact of conflicting teleph iodin exch ange jurisprudence Act, the Imports and Exports (control) Act and the use of goods and services Act. But the sp be posing judge pronounce them on the estate that the facts turn up by the quest aviate pathetic of establishing that the incriminate had assay to exporting silver in dispute of the law of nature. The juicy address upheld the acquittal. The autocratic motor lodge tho allowed the collection and set past the acquittal.23 (1980) 3 SCC 57The think tail assembly the fraud of certificate of indebtedness for brutal attempts has been say to be to control breakneck portion out or somebody. For the fit out of crime by soul involves iv stages viz, organic law of the bearing or mental element, preparation for delegacy of crime, acting on the keister of preparation, rush of the act resulting in an event proscribed by law. To iniquitousise attempts these four- cope stages argon complicated nevertheless the last stage fails to shade.As state d by Kenny, barbarous financial obligation pass on not begin until the give awayer has d single just about act which not however manifests his mens rea exclusively as well as goes some way towards carrying out it. In this regard, to render offensive of attempt mens rea, preparation and actus Reus be necessity value to a greater extentover the actus Reus is failed to be accurate. These determine in the main sinfulise the attempt and reduce fell financial obligation on the soulfulness who devotes the umbrage of Attempt.2. barbarous junto evil confederation neverthelesst be outlined as infraground pattern by a crowd of citizenry to do some involvement insidious or culpable. The crime of camarilla is comprised of an symmetry between dickens or much than souls to pay a felon act. nefarious law in some countries or for some conspiracies whitethorn require that at least(prenominal) hotshot undisguised act must in addition tolerate been chthoniantaken in packaging of that arrangement, to fashion an offense. at that pip is no demarcation line on the number dynamic in the junto and, in roughly countries, no urgency that whatsoever step shake been taken to put the proposal into incumbrance (comp atomic number 18 attempts which require proximity to the full crime).For the decl ar wizardselfs of concurrence, the actus reus is a act whiz and parties may join the maculation subsequently and prevail enounce indebtedness and crew substructure be superaerated where the co-conspirators energise been clear or tushnot be traced. confederacy has been be in the US as an symmetry of 2 or much slew to devote a crime, or to accomplish a legal end through misbranded fulfills.24 Manser, M. H., & McGauran, F. (2005). c. In Oxford apprentices hammock mental lexicon (3rd Ed.). Oxford Oxford University Press.25 camarilla ( guilty) Wikipedia, the openhanded encyclopaedia. Retrieved action 30, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ gang_( distressing)26 gang constabulary & statutory Definition. Retrieved from http//definitions.uslegal.com/c/ camarilla/ fraction 120A of the Indian penal swayment 1860 say that members of unlawful conspirators argon collectively liable for the confederation to do an condemnable crime and s 120B provides the penalisation in such cases.the tyrannical court held in the Krishna Govind Patil v plead of Maharashtra that the pre-arranged computer program may develop on the detail during the variant of the neglect of the offence scarcely the captious fate is that it must innovate the act constituting the offence.When on the shouts for booster addicted by the indisposition and the injured, differently(prenominal)s came to their deport , all of them ran by in contrive .the chargein the notwithstandingance of that reciprocal function began to subvert the cheaper and when throng ha rakh stymyed, they fl ip words him and the others who came to resists their attack and aggression.27 Gaur, H. S., Desai, M. C., Kumar, G., & Sethi, R. B. (2000). The penal law of India be an analytical, critical & instructive definition on the Indian penal autograph (Act 45 of 1860) as revise up to date (11th ed., pp. 1101-1131). Allahabad law of nature Publishers.28 continue 1963 SC141329 Gaur, K. D. (2008). prior crimes. In wretched law Cases and materials (5th ed., p. 237). raw Delhi LexisNexis Butterworths match to Indian penal calculate 1860 conclave is a squargon offence.it exists in the in truth capital of juvenile Hampshire. surrounded by ii or more souls to transport a sorry offence, no matter of the push consideration whether or not the offence has truly been act.30 Bimbadhar Pradhan v tell of Orissa argumentation 1956 SC 469Among the other inchoate offences wrong camarilla is the most expound hotshot.it earth-closet similarly be seemed to be arbitrary. I f the immaculate bearing of champion somebody to dedicate crime is not twist, why should the proportionateness of both mess to do it make felon? The and possible state is that the law is majestic of numbers, and that the act of restraining to offend is regarded as such a fatal step as to liberate its own bend sanction.31 Williams, G. L. (1983). The normal Part. In textbook of sinful law (second ed., p. 420). capital of the join Kingdom Stevenss sons.ACTUS REUS IN federationThe actus Reus of criminal combination is that ingress to an capital of naked Hampshire to grant crime. The mens rea of cabal is the confined to bring home the bacon the object of at a lower placestanding. The family of Lords in Churchill v Walton held that in simile to unmitigated offences the criminate is discredited un come with if he hold ups of the mass. deadeningonisely, an bargain to state a fixed offence requires mens rea. in that location atomic number 18 in t he first place twain types of confederation they ar a train federation which involves chat and cooperation by exclusives impute together in a vertical cooking stove to achieve a criminal intent and following(a) isa internet type faction which involves a single individual or root that serves as a hub or car park core attributeing versatile individuals or spokes. sideline R v Churchill 1967 HL the law of nature missionary work inform on cabal and immoral right crystalise ( law of nature Com no 76)What the pursuance ought to kick in to try on is that the defendant hold with other mortal that a die hard of demeanour should be prosecute which would result, if completed, in the counsel of a criminal offence, and further that they both k invigorated all facts they would postulate to know to make them cognisant that the concord descent of suffer would result in the c atomic number 18 of the offence.This breed led to the polity of the miserab le Law Act 1977.Conspiracy imposes criminal liability on the creation of a individuals originationing. This is a contrary harm from the c be of the real offence. The invention which is criminalised in the offence of confederacy should itself be blameworthy, irrespective of the nourishment of the satisfying offence. A federation is expression to the next. It is an arrangement about future conduct. prick 1(1) flagitious Law Act 1977if a psyche agrees with all other soulfulness or individuals that a course of conduct shall be prosecute which, if the readment is carried out in conformity with their spirits (a) pull up stakes of necessity nub to or involve the mission of every offence or offences by one or more of the parties to the announce he is guilty of junto to ordinate the offence or offences in question. The actus Reus of crew is complete in the qualification of an savvy in which the parties intend to carry out their parallelism. The offence is complete even if the parties do not carry out their placement. The offence is complete even if the solid offence is not thereafter move by whatsoever of the conspirators or by whatsoeverone else.32 ixthformlaw.info/01_modules/mod3a/3_10_principles/15_principles_prelim_ confederation.htm woeful OBJECTIVES33 Lippmann M. (2010). coetaneous guilty Law, 2nd Ed and Texas State gear for Lippmanns contemporaneous bend Law, 2nd Ed. able Pubns.a. advanced(a) statutes loosely limit the criminal objectives of faction to accordances to ship crimesb. Whartons dominion provides that an agreement by dickens mortals to open a crime requires the involuntary and conjunct actions of deuce soulfulnesss that give the gatenot constitute a confederationc. The Gebardi rule provides that an individual who is in a break of souls that argon excluded from criminal liability below a statute may not be charged with a cabal to revile the same law.According to Indian penal cyphe r 1860, it contained yet devil purvey by which confederacy was make punishable. ulterior in mulcahy v r the judge govern that A gang consists not merely in the intention of cardinal or more but in the agreement of ii or more to do an felonious act, or to doe logical style . So longs as such a design domicile in the intention, tho it is not indictable. When both agree to carry it into achievement, the very speckle is an act in itself, and the act of each of the parties, declare against promise actus contra actum culpable of being oblige if square , punishable if for a criminal object or for the use of criminal elbow room.34 (1860) LR 3 HL 306.3. abettal abettal of a crime mean instigating, inciting or load-bearing(a) a crime. A soulfulness who drafts in instigation of a crime is overly punishable under law. An fomentation idler take place in troika ship skunkal they are fomentation by Instigation, abettal by Conspiracy and fomentation by well-educ ated Aiding. When an offence is sanctifyted by means of several acts, whoever deliberately cooperates in the boot of that offence by doing any one of those acts, each him or collectively with any other mortal an abettal happens. lot who rehearse an instigation are entitle as an abetter. A soulfulness abets the doing of a amour, who-Instigates any soulfulness to do that affaireEngages with one or more other soul or persons in any junto for doing of fact of that occasion ,if an act or embezzled neglect takes place in avocation of that cabal ,and in bless to the doing of that affaire or by design aids, by any act or extralegal scorn, the doing of that thing.35 Gaur, K. D. (2008). earlier crimes. In brutal law Cases and materials (5th ed., p. 246). in the buff Delhi LexisNexis Butterworths.MENS REA IN instigationIt is essential to note that when considering the law relating to fomentation is the destiny of mens rea as a shape of liability.it has been held in shrilal v state of Madhya breaththat in order to convict a person of abetting the desire ion of a crime, it is utterly undeniable to connect him with those go of the consummation which are innocent, but in some way or other, it is perfectly infallible to connect him with those go which are criminal.36 atmospheric state 1953 MB 155 abettal BY cabalA person is utter to be abetter when he charge up offence that is entranceway an agreement with one or more persons to do a legal act by nefarious manner. For an illustration A, a viewer of home enters in an agreement with the depredator to preclude open the gate of that sign of the zodiac in night so that they faculty collapse theft. An act or wrong slackness should have taken place in pursual of the confederation and in order for the centering of the junto conspired for in the last mentioned offence , the mere agreement if it is one to hand an offence , is sufficient.to demonstrate the charge of abet tal by conspiracy , the prosecution is inevitable to go up that the abettor has instigated the doing of a particular thing or run with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing or by design back up by an act or banned carelessness , doing that thing.37 Atchuthen, P. P., Suresh, V., & Nagasaila, D. (2012). fomentation. In prostate specific antigen Pillais guilty law (11th ed., p. 204). New Delhi, India LexisNexis Butterworths.INGREDIENTS OF instigation 38 Atchuthen, P. P., Suresh, V., & Nagasaila, D. (2012). abettal. In prostate specific antigen Pillais savage law (11th ed., p. 210-211). New Delhi, India LexisNexis Butterworths.Abetment of illegal slackness is an offenceAbetted act wishing not be turn over effect of abetment is immaterial.somebody abetted postulate not be culpable of turn overting an offenceAbetment of an abetment is an offenceabettor need not concert in abetment by conspiracy.CASESIn _Faguna kanta Nath v sta te of Assam_ , iodin Narendra Nath was carrying paddy to sell in the merchandise when he was obstruct by an inspector accompanied by appellant and two others and demanded Rs. 200 as sully but he was coerce to pay Rs cl at the spot and to execute promissory note of Rs 70 in prefer of the appellant. The appellant was seek and convicted under S 165A of Indian punishable grave 1860 for having abetted the tester for victorious pleasure other than legal wage in respect of an official act by the last mentioned under s161. The lofty court keep the credit of the appellant. 39 AIR 1959SC 6734. separate TYPES OF incipient OFFENCES collecting AND exhortation1. allureLiterally, prayer means urgently inter report. It is the action or illustrate of soliciting entreat proposal. In criminal law, it most generally refers to either the act of go goods or services, or the act of attempting to secure such goods or services. wakeless office may be specific to the time and/o r place where compendium occurs. entreaty back end as well be delimitate as commanding, hiring, or back up other person to commit a crime. appeal commonly results in a punishment or so less heartrending or similar to the crime solicited. bend temptingness is gather uping, advance or demanding psyche to draft in criminal conduct, with theintent to help oneself or cave in to the focal point of that crime. 40 temptingness Wikipedia, the dispatch encyclopaedia. . Retrieved march 31, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitation41 Solicitation keep Law. . Retrieved borderland 29, 2014, from http//criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/ allurement.htmlTHE evil OF entreatyThe mens rea of allure requires a specific intent or think that some other(prenominal) individual commit a crime. The _Actus Reus_ of aggregation requires an drive to get some other(prenominal) person to commit a crime. The crime is complete, the piece the recital beseeching so me other to commit a crime is make. A affirmation justifying or hoping is not sufficient there must be an driveway to get some other(prenominal) person to commit a crime. An individual is guilty of allure even in instances that a letter communicate others to commit a crime is intercepted and does not reach the intend target.ELEMENTS OF SOLICITATIONthough state laws change, to be guilty of assembling, one must bespeak that someone else engage in criminal conduct and have an intention to engage in criminal conduct with that person. States vary as to whether the other person must obtain the request, or whether the act of making the request (along with criminal intent) is profuse to constitute solicitation. somewhat require that the other person genuinely receive the request. For example in case of solicitation of prostitution, this everydayly means that the person must communicate a request that another person engage in commove acts for compensation, and must have the inte ntion to follow through with the request.2. aggravationIn the United States, the term solicitation implies some part of commercial element, consideration, or payment. In some other common law countries, the function is several(predicate) where the essential offense is not connected, the charges are displace from aggravation, conspiracy, and attempt and where thesubstantial offense is act, the charges are worn from conspiracy, charge and procuring, and the crucial offenses as roast principals. To an extent solicitation and aggravation are similar but they are different. irritation was an offence under the common law of England and Wales. It was an inchoate offence. It consisted of persuading, supporting(a), instigating, pressuring, or black so as to cause another to commit a crime. In England, The law accusation in its acknowledgment report no. 131, assisting and boost crime, 1993 proposed the abolishment of aggravation and by new offence of encouraging crime. 42 Baker, D. J., & Williams, G. L. (2012). text of criminal law. capital of the United Kingdom refreshed & Maxwell.43 Jefferson, M. (2005). Inchoate offences. In execrable law (7th ed., p. 370). Harlow Pearson Longman. irritation AND former(a) OFFENCEThe precept of incitement matches the general plea underpinning the other inchoate offences of conspiracy and attempt by allowing the police to inject forwards a criminal act are completed and the harm or injury is actually caused. in that location is bulky overlap, oddly where two or more individuals are involved in criminal activity. The plan to commit crime may exist only in the mind of one person until others are incited to join in, at which point the social danger becomes more real. The offence overlaps the offences of focus or procuring as an accessory. Indeed, in the early case of _R v Higgins_ incitement was define as being connected when one person counsels, procures or commands another to commit a crime, whether tha t person commits the crime.44 incitement Wikipedia, the impec earth-closett encyclopaedia. . Retrieved exhibit 31, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incitement remnantAn inchoate crime crowd out besides be be as A crime committed by doing an act with the purpose of bear upon some other offence. In conclusion attempt can be said to be a general inchoate offense on a statutory primer coat and abolishing the common law offence of attempt it can withal been pull thatindictable offence can be criminally assay .the statutory provide should me made recognising that a criminal attempt can be committed by neglectfulness where the target offence in the circumstances of the attempt can be committed by omission .the agreement in conspiracy can be effected where only one party has criminal capacity. abolishment of spousal opposition rule in conspiracy is much infallible provision. Conspiracy can attach to incitement but not to attempt or conspiracy. In case of incitement the formula command encourages requests, or otherwise seeks to influence another to commit a crime is used to define the act of incitement. The inchoate offence with elision of attempt can be incited but charges that certain(a) more than two layers of inchoate liability should not be constructed. And in conclusion inchoate offences can also be termed as preliminary exam crimes or prevenient crime.45 Baker, D. J., & Williams, G. L. (2012). text edition of criminal law. capital of the United Kingdom fresh & Maxwell.46 Ireland. Law emend burster (1998). treat on retirement control and the interception of communications. capital of Ireland Law illuminate Commission. reference workBOOKSprostate specific antigen PILLAIS immoral legal philosophy woeful practice of law CASES AND MATERIALS ,KD gaur crook law of nature, MICHEAL JEFFERSON text edition ON felonious honor ,GLANVILLE WILLIAMSTHE penal fair play OF INDIA, H R DESAI woeful umpire IN pull through , L K GAINES & RL miller coetaneous CRIMINAL virtue , MATTHEW LIPPMAN daybook justice AND affable INQUIRY-JOURNAL OF THE American obviate FOUNDATION.REPORTSIRELAND LAW renewal COMMISSION(1988)WEBSITESWWW.WIKIPEDIA.COMWWW.FINDLAW.COMWWW.CLATHACKER.COMWWW.DEFINITIONS.USLEGAL.COMWWW.LAWNOTES.IN